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Panic disorder is an anxiety disorder characterized by recurrent and sudden minutes-long episodes of intense fear, known as panic attacks. These attacks may feel like heart attacks and often happen without warning or a specific cause. They can include symptoms such as rapid heart rate, shortness of breath, chest pain, trembling, sweating, dizziness, and a sense of helplessness. During a panic attack, individuals may feel as though they are experiencing a heart attack or are in a...
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Anxiety is a common mental disorder featuring excessive worry, fear, and apprehension, significantly affecting daily life. People with anxiety disorders experience persistent and intense anxiety, interrupting their everyday functioning.
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Generalized Anxiety Disorder01:30

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Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) is a chronic condition characterized by excessive and uncontrollable worry that persists for at least six months, significantly interfering with daily functioning. Unlike situational anxiety, which arises in response to specific stressors, GAD often occurs without a clear cause. Individuals may experience disproportionate worry about work, health, or relationships. For instance, a person might continuously fear poor health despite normal medical evaluations or...
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Updated: Nov 9, 2025

Exploring the Neural Correlates of Cognitive Reappraisal in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Using Task-based Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging
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Executive Functions in panic disorder: A mini-review.

Serena Giomi1, Francesca Siri1, Adele Ferro1

  • 1Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy.

Journal of Affective Disorders
|April 13, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Executive functioning (EF) appears largely preserved in panic disorder (PD) patients, though some studies suggest deficits in specific areas. Further research with standardized methods is needed to confirm these findings for panic disorder.

Keywords:
CognitionExecutive functionsNeuropsychological measuresPanic disorder

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Psychiatry
  • Cognitive Psychology

Background:

  • Panic disorder (PD) is linked to prefrontal-amygdala circuitry alterations.
  • Executive functioning (EF) is crucial for daily life, and its impairment has significant consequences for PD patients.
  • Understanding EF's role in PD is vital for early assessment, treatment, and rehabilitation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review existing research on executive functioning (EF) in panic disorder (PD) patients.
  • To determine if EF deficits are a core feature of panic disorder.
  • To inform potential diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for PD.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic review following PRISMA guidelines.
  • Searched PubMed for peer-reviewed human studies on EF in PD.
  • Included twelve studies, varying in sample composition (PD-only, relatives, mixed psychiatric illnesses).

Main Results:

  • Most studies found no significant EF alterations in PD patients, suggesting EF is not a core deficit.
  • Four studies identified selective EF deficits in attention, set-shifting, cognitive flexibility, decision-making, and working memory.
  • Some deficits were also observed in first-degree relatives of PD patients.

Conclusions:

  • Current evidence suggests executive functioning (EF) is generally preserved in panic disorder (PD).
  • Limitations include small sample sizes, unmonitored therapies, and assessment heterogeneity.
  • Further research with standardized methods is necessary to definitively confirm or refute EF involvement in PD.