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Whirligig beetles as corralled active Brownian particles.

Harvey L Devereux1,2, Colin R Twomey3, Matthew S Turner4,5,6

  • 1Department of Mathematics, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK.

Journal of the Royal Society, Interface
|April 14, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Whirligig beetles exhibit density-dependent speed and phase separation. A modified active Brownian particle model explains these collective dynamics, revealing motility-induced phase separation in larger groups.

Keywords:
active Brownian particlescollective motioninertial delayinsect behaviourmotility-induced phase separation

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Area of Science:

  • Collective animal behavior
  • Hydrodynamics
  • Statistical physics

Background:

  • Whirligig beetles (Dineutus discolor) display complex collective swimming patterns.
  • Understanding the factors driving group dynamics and phase separation in biological systems is crucial.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the collective dynamics of Dineutus discolor.
  • To determine the relationship between beetle density, speed, and emergent group behaviors.
  • To test the hypothesis that motility-induced phase separation (MIPS) explains observed high- and low-density phases.

Main Methods:

  • Tracking individual beetle trajectories (positions and orientations).
  • Analyzing density-dependent speed scaling and velocity alignment delays.
  • Developing and applying a modified active Brownian particle (ABP) model, termed the corralled ABP (CABP) model, incorporating density-dependent reorientation.

Main Results:

  • Discovered density-dependent speed scaling (v ~ ρ^-ν, ν ≈ 0.4) over two orders of magnitude.
  • Identified an inertial delay of approximately 13 ms for velocity alignment.
  • Observed coexisting high- and low-density phases, consistent with MIPS.
  • The fitted CABP model successfully reproduced a MIPS-like condensed phase for N=200 beetles, but not for N=50 or N=100.

Conclusions:

  • Motility-induced phase separation (MIPS) is a viable mechanism explaining the collective dynamics and phase separation in Dineutus discolor.
  • The density-dependent reorientation incorporated into the CABP model is key to replicating observed behaviors.
  • Group size significantly influences the emergence of MIPS-like phenomena in these beetles.