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Updated: Nov 9, 2025

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Is executive dysfunction a potential contributor to the comorbidity between basic reading disability and

Michelle Y Kibby1, Genni Newsham1, Zsofia Imre1

  • 1School of Psychological and Behavioral Sciences, Southern Illinois University-Carbondale, Carbondale, IL, USA.

Child Neuropsychology : a Journal on Normal and Abnormal Development in Childhood and Adolescence
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PubMed
Summary

Executive functioning (EF) deficits are common in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and reading disability (RD). Working memory uniquely predicts both conditions and their comorbidity.

Keywords:
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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Developmental Psychology
  • Educational Psychology

Background:

  • Comorbidity between attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and reading disability (RD) is common.
  • Executive functioning (EF) is hypothesized to underlie this comorbidity.
  • A comprehensive, multi-modal assessment of EF in RD and ADHD is lacking.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of executive functioning (EF) in the comorbidity of ADHD and RD.
  • To compare the multiple deficit hypothesis with the phenocopy and cognitive subtype hypotheses.

Main Methods:

  • 263 children (ages 8-12) with RD, ADHD, RD/ADHD, and typically developing controls were assessed.
  • Neuropsychological measures and the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function (BRIEF) were used to evaluate EF domains.
  • MANCOVA and continuous analyses were employed.

Main Results:

  • Both RD and ADHD groups exhibited global EF deficits at the group level.
  • Phonological loop deficits were specific to RD, while behavioral regulation deficits were specific to ADHD.
  • Working memory (WM) was the sole predictor of both reading and inattention, and explained their correlation.

Conclusions:

  • The multiple deficit hypothesis best explains the comorbidity of RD and ADHD based on EF data.
  • Working memory is a potential shared longitudinal contributor to RD/ADHD.
  • Future longitudinal research should focus on working memory's role.