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Related Concept Videos

Bones of the Upper Limb: Radius01:09

Bones of the Upper Limb: Radius

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The radius is longer of the two bones that make up the human antebrachium or forearm. At the proximal end, the radius articulates with the capitulum of the humerus and the radial notch of the ulna to form the elbow joint. At the distal end, the radius articulates with the ulna via the ulnar notch, forming the distal radioulnar joint. Distally, the radius also attaches to the carpal wrist bones (scaphoid and lunate) to form the radiocarpal joint.
The radius has a nail-shaped head, and a...
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Bones of the Upper Limb: Ulna01:15

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The ulna and radius are parallel bones of the antebrachium or the forearm. The ulna lies medially and consists of a bony tip called the olecranon process at its proximal end. This hook-like projection articulates with the olecranon fossa of the humerus and forms the "hinged" ulnohumeral part of the elbow joint. This joint facilitates forearm extension and flexion while preventing its hyperextension. Similarly, the coronoid process, another bony projection on the proximal/anterior side...
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Bones of the Upper Limb: Humerus01:19

Bones of the Upper Limb: Humerus

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The upper limb consists of the arm, forearm, wrist, and hand bones. The humerus is the single bone of the upper arm region. Proximally, it has a large, spherical, smooth head that articulates with the glenoid cavity of the scapula to form the glenohumeral or shoulder joint. The margin of the head is the anatomical neck, a residual epiphyseal plate. Laterally it extends to form bony projections called the greater tubercle and the lesser tubercle. Next to the tubercles is the surgical neck, a...
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Muscles that Move the Forearm01:16

Muscles that Move the Forearm

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The muscles that move the forearms can be divided into four groups: forearm flexors, forearm extensors, forearm pronators, and forearm supinators. The flexors and extensors act on the elbow joint, while the pronators and supinators act on the radioulnar joints.
Forearm Flexors
The biceps brachii, brachialis, and brachioradialis are forearm flexors. The biceps brachii is made up of two heads. Its long head originates at the supraglenoid tubercle of the scapula, whereas that of the short head is...
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Spinal Nerves: Plexus I01:22

Spinal Nerves: Plexus I

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Nerve plexuses are networks of interlacing nerves that serve as communication hubs to distribute and organize nerve action across various body regions. The nerve plexuses are organized into the cervical plexus located in the neck region, brachial plexus in the shoulder area, lumbar plexus found in the lower back, sacral plexus situated in the pelvis, and coccygeal plexus located in the coccygeal region.
The Cervical Plexus
The cervical plexus, formed by the anterior rami of the first four...
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Muscles of the Forearm that Move the Hand and Fingers01:17

Muscles of the Forearm that Move the Hand and Fingers

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The muscles of the forearm that move the wrist, hand, and digits are numerous and diverse. They can be classified into two groups based on their location and function — the anterior and posterior compartment muscles.
Anterior Compartment
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 9, 2025

Author Spotlight: Ultrasound-Guided Needle Release Combined with Corticosteroid Injection for the Treatment of Supinator Syndrome
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Epicondylopathia humeri radialis.

Tim Leschinger1, Thomas Tischer2, Anna Katharina Doepfer3

  • 1Division of Trauma, Hand and Elbow Surgery, Cologne University Medical Centre, Cologne, Germany.

Zeitschrift Fur Orthopadie Und Unfallchirurgie
|April 14, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Lateral epicondylitis, a common condition affecting quality of life, has various treatments with limited evidence. Diagnosis is clinical, confirmed by imaging, with most cases resolving within 12 months.

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Area of Science:

  • Orthopaedics
  • Sports Medicine

Background:

  • Lateral epicondylitis significantly impacts patient quality of life.
  • Numerous treatment options exist, but evidence varies widely.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To summarize the German S2k guideline on lateral epicondylitis (Epicondylopathia radialis humeri).
  • To provide recommendations on diagnosis, prevention, and management.

Main Methods:

  • Based on a systematic literature review and consensus process.
  • Incorporates input from major German specialist societies.

Main Results:

  • Diagnosis is primarily clinical, supported by imaging.
  • Non-surgical treatments generally have a favorable prognosis, with most cases resolving within a year.
  • Surgery is an option for persistent cases unresponsive to conservative management for at least six months, provided structural abnormalities exist.

Conclusions:

  • The guideline offers recommendations for clinical and radiological workup.
  • It addresses pathogenesis, prevention, and both surgical and non-surgical management strategies.
  • No specific surgical procedure is currently recommended over others.