Epidemiology and Molecular Basis of Multidrug Resistance in Rhodococcus equi

Area of Science:

• Veterinary Medicine
• Microbiology
• Public Health

Background:

• Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) poses significant risks to human and animal health globally.
• The overuse of antimicrobials in domestic animals contributes to the spread of resistant pathogens.
• Rhodococcus equi, a zoonotic pathogen causing severe foal pneumonia, serves as a model for AMR at the animal-human-environment interface.

Purpose of the Study:

• To review the factors contributing to the development and spread of multidrug-resistant (MDR) R. equi.
• To examine the molecular epidemiology of MDR R. equi emergence.
• To discuss the implications of MDR R. equi for veterinary and human medicine and explore mitigation strategies.

Main Methods:

• Literature review of studies on Rhodococcus equi and antimicrobial resistance.
• Analysis of molecular epidemiology data related to MDR R. equi.
• Synthesis of information on the impact and control of antimicrobial resistance in equine settings.

Main Results:

• The "screen-and-treat" approach for R. equi in endemic horse-breeding farms has increased antimicrobial use.
• This increased use has likely driven the emergence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) R. equi in foals and their environment.
• MDR R. equi poses risks to both animal and human health, necessitating careful management.

Conclusions:

• Understanding the emergence and spread of MDR R. equi is crucial for addressing AMR.
• Mitigation strategies, including alternative treatments, are needed to combat antimicrobial resistance in horse-breeding farms.
• Responsible antimicrobial use in animals is essential to protect animal, human, and environmental health.