Cholestenone functions as an antibiotic against Helicobacter pylori by inhibiting biosynthesis of the cell wall component CGL

Helicobacter pylori, a pathogen responsible for gastric cancer, contains a unique glycolipid, cholesteryl-α-D-glucopyranoside (CGL), in its cell wall. Moreover, O-glycans having α1,4-linked N-acetylglucosamine residues (αGlcNAc) are secreted from gland mucous cells of gastric mucosa. Previously, we demonstrated that CGL is critical for H. pylori survival and that αGlcNAc serves as antibiotic against H. pylori by inhibiting CGL biosynthesis. In this study, we tested whether a cholesterol analog, cholest-4-en 3-one (cholestenone), exhibits antibacterial activity against H. pylori in vitro and in vivo. When the H. pylori standard strain ATCC 43504 was cultured in the presence of cholestenone, microbial growth was significantly suppressed dose-dependently relative to microbes cultured with cholesterol, and cholestenone inhibitory effects were not altered by the presence of cholesterol. Morphologically, cholestenone-treated H. pylori exhibited coccoid forms. We obtained comparable results when we examined the clarithromycin-resistant H. pylori strain "2460." We also show that biosynthesis of CGL and its derivatives cholesteryl-6-O-tetradecanoyl-α-D-glucopyranoside and cholesteryl-6-O-phosphatidyl-α-D-glucopyranoside in H. pylori is remarkably inhibited in cultures containing cholestenone. Lastly, we asked whether orally administered cholestenone eradicated H. pylori strain SS1 in C57BL/6 mice. Strikingly, mice fed a cholestenone-containing diet showed significant eradication of H. pylori from the gastric mucosa compared with mice fed a control diet. These results overall strongly suggest that cholestenone could serve as an oral medicine to treat patients infected with H. pylori, including antimicrobial-resistant strains.