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Related Concept Videos

General Transcription Factors01:30

General Transcription Factors

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Tissue-specific transcription factors contribute to diverse cellular functions in mammals. For example, the gene for beta globin, a major component of hemoglobin, is present in all cells of the body. However, it is only expressed in red blood cells because the transcription factors that can bind to the promoter sequences of the beta globin gene are only expressed in these cells. Tissue-specific transcription factors also ensure that mutations in these factors may impair only the function of...
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Transcription Factors02:16

Transcription Factors

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Tissue-specific transcription factors contribute to diverse cellular functions in mammals. For example, the gene for beta globin, a major component of hemoglobin, is present in all cells of the body. However, it is only expressed in red blood cells because the transcription factors that can bind to the promoter sequences of the beta globin gene are only expressed in these cells. Tissue-specific transcription factors also ensure that mutations in these factors may impair only the function of...
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Transduction01:16

Transduction

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Among the three main modes of HGT—transformation, conjugation, and transduction—transduction is unique in that it is mediated by bacteriophages, or bacterial viruses.Transduction occurs in two ways. Generalized transduction occurs during the lytic cycle of a bacteriophage infection. In this process, bacteriophages infect bacterial cells, replicate within them, and ultimately cause cell lysis, releasing newly assembled virions. Occasionally, random fragments of the bacterial genome...
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Transcription Attenuation in Prokaryotes02:42

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Transcriptional attenuation occurs when RNA transcription is prematurely terminated due to the formation of a terminator mRNA hairpin structure.  Bacteria use these hairpins to regulate the transcription process and control the synthesis of several amino acids including histidine, lysine, threonine, and phenylalanine. Transcription attenuation takes place in the non-coding regions of mRNA.
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Prokaryotic Transcriptional Activators and Repressors01:58

Prokaryotic Transcriptional Activators and Repressors

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The organization of prokaryotic genes in their genome is notably different from that of eukaryotes. Prokaryotic genes are organized, such that the genes for proteins involved in the same biochemical process or function are located together in groups. This group of genes, along with their regulatory elements, are collectively known as an operon. The functional genes in an operon are transcribed together to give a single strand of mRNA known as polycistronic mRNA.
Transcription of prokaryotic...
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Prokaryotic Transcriptional Activators and Repressors01:58

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Related Experiment Video

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Fecal micro RNA Isolation
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Tissue-specific reprogramming of host tRNA transcriptome by the microbiome.

Jia Huang1, Wenjun Chen2, Fan Zhou1

  • 1Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, Institute of Insect Science and Technology, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China.

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Summary

The microbiome influences host transfer RNA (tRNA) expression and modifications in a tissue-specific manner. This study reveals a new link between the microbiome, tRNA abundance, and the epitranscriptome in mammals.

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Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Transfer RNAs (tRNAs) are crucial for protein synthesis.
  • Host-microbiome interactions significantly impact host physiology.
  • The influence of the microbiome on host tRNA profiles remains largely unexplored.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the impact of the microbiome on host tRNA expression and modifications.
  • To explore tissue-specific responses to microbiome influence on tRNAs.
  • To elucidate the relationship between the microbiome, tRNA abundance, and the epitranscriptome.

Main Methods:

  • Comparative tRNA profiling of four tissue types (intestines, brain, liver, kidney) from germ-free and specific pathogen-free mice.
  • Analysis of both cytosolic and mitochondrial tRNA expression.
  • Assessment of tRNA modifications.

Main Results:

  • Host tRNA expression and modifications are reprogrammed in a tissue-specific and microbiome-dependent manner.
  • Intestines and brain show higher sensitivity to microbiome influence on tRNA expression compared to liver and kidney.
  • Cytosolic tRNAs exhibit more pronounced modifications in the liver and kidney in the presence of the microbiome.

Conclusions:

  • The microbiome plays a significant role in regulating host tRNA expression and modification patterns.
  • Mammalian host tRNA profiles are dynamically altered by microbial communities in a tissue-selective fashion.
  • This study uncovers a novel connection between the microbiome, tRNA abundance, and the host epitranscriptome.