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Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: Fluorination and Iodination of Benzene01:13

Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: Fluorination and Iodination of Benzene

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Bromination and chlorination of aromatic rings by electrophilic aromatic substitution reactions are easily achieved, but fluorination and iodination are difficult to achieve. Fluorine is so reactive that its reaction with benzene is difficult to control, resulting in poor yields of monofluoroaromatic products. To address this, Selectfluor reagent is used as a fluorine source in which a fluorine atom is bonded to a positively charged nitrogen.
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Reduction of Alkenes: Asymmetric Catalytic Hydrogenation02:17

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Catalytic hydrogenation of alkenes is a transition-metal catalyzed reduction of the double bond using molecular hydrogen to give alkanes. The mode of hydrogen addition follows syn stereochemistry.
The metal catalyst used can be either heterogeneous or homogeneous. When hydrogenation of an alkene generates a chiral center, a pair of enantiomeric products is expected to form. However, an enantiomeric excess of one of the products can be facilitated using an enantioselective reaction or an...
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Reduction of Alkynes to cis-Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation02:24

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Introduction
Like alkenes, alkynes can be reduced to alkanes in the presence of transition metal catalysts such as Pt, Pd, or Ni. The reaction involves two sequential syn additions of hydrogen via a cis-alkene intermediate.
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Reduction of Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation02:13

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Alkenes undergo reduction by the addition of molecular hydrogen to give alkanes. Because the process generally occurs in the presence of a transition-metal catalyst, the reaction is called catalytic hydrogenation.
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The addition of hydrogen bromide to alkenes in the presence of hydroperoxides or peroxides proceeds via an anti-Markovnikov pathway and yields alkyl bromides.
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Halogenation of Alkenes02:46

Halogenation of Alkenes

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Halogenation is the addition of chlorine or bromine across the double bond in an alkene to yield a vicinal dihalide. The reaction occurs in the presence of inert and non-nucleophilic solvents, such as methylene chloride, chloroform, or carbon tetrachloride.
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Accessing (Multi)Fluorinated Piperidines Using Heterogeneous Hydrogenation.

Tobias Wagener1, Arne Heusler1, Zackaria Nairoukh1

  • 1Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany.

ACS Catalysis
|April 16, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers developed a new method for synthesizing fluorinated piperidines from fluoropyridines using cis-selective hydrogenation. This breakthrough provides broad access to valuable fluorinated compounds for drug discovery and agrochemical research.

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Area of Science:

  • Organic Chemistry
  • Medicinal Chemistry
  • Catalysis

Background:

  • Fluorinated piperidines are crucial building blocks in pharmaceutical and agrochemical industries.
  • Existing synthetic routes for fluorinated piperidines are limited and lack generality.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a simple, robust, and cis-selective method for synthesizing diverse fluorinated piperidines.
  • To enable the efficient preparation of fluorinated motifs for drug development.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized cis-selective hydrogenation of readily available fluoropyridines.
  • Employed a commercially available heterogeneous catalyst for chemoselective reduction.
  • Demonstrated tolerance of other (hetero)aromatic systems during the reaction.

Main Results:

  • Achieved a broad scope of (multi)fluorinated piperidines with high cis-selectivity.
  • Successfully synthesized fluorinated derivatives of important drug compounds.
  • Developed a straightforward strategy for enantioenriched fluorinated piperidines.

Conclusions:

  • The developed hydrogenation protocol offers a general and efficient synthetic access to valuable fluorinated piperidines.
  • This method facilitates the incorporation of fluorinated piperidine scaffolds into drug candidates.
  • The strategy opens new avenues for the synthesis of chiral fluorinated compounds.