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Related Concept Videos

Characteristics and Nomenclature of Copolymers01:24

Characteristics and Nomenclature of Copolymers

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Copolymers are the products obtained from the polymerization of multiple monomer species. So, in a polymer chain itself, there can be multiple repeating units that come from different monomers. The process of synthesizing a polymer from different monomer species is called copolymerization. When two monomers are involved, the polymer is known as a bipolymer. Polymers with three and four monomers are termed terpolymers and quaterpolymers, respectively. Figure 1 depicts the copolymerization of...
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Polymer Classification: Crystallinity01:21

Polymer Classification: Crystallinity

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Unlike ionic or small covalent molecules, polymers do not form crystalline solids due to the diffusion limitations of their long-chain structures. However, polymers contain microscopic crystalline domains separated by amorphous domains.
Crystalline domains are the regions where polymer chains are aligned in an orderly manner and held together in proximity by intermolecular forces. For example, chains in the crystalline domains of polyethylene and nylon are bound together by van der Waals...
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Cationic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism00:57

Cationic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism

2.6K
The cationic polymerization mechanism consists of three steps: initiation, propagation, and termination. In the initiation step of the polymerization process, the π bond of a monomer gets protonated by the Lewis acid catalyst, which is formed from boron trifluoride and water. The protonation of the π bond generates a carbocation stabilized by the electron‐donating group. In the propagation step, the π bond of the second monomer acts as a nucleophile and attacks the...
2.6K
Ziegler–Natta Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:17

Ziegler–Natta Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview

3.6K
Ziegler–Natta polymerization is another form of addition or chain‐growth polymerization used for synthesizing linear polymers over branched polymers. The catalyst used for polymerization is the Ziegler–Natta catalyst, named after Karl Ziegler and Giulio Natta, who developed it in 1953. This catalyst is an organometallic complex of titanium tetrachloride and triethyl aluminum, with the active form of the catalyst being an alkyl titanium compound. Using the Ziegler–Natta...
3.6K
Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:20

Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview

2.3K
The polymerization process that involves carbanion as an intermediate is called anionic polymerization. It is also a type of addition or chain-growth polymerization. Anionic polymerization gets initiated by a strong nucleophile such as an organolithium or a Grignard reagent. The most commonly used initiator for anionic polymerization is butyl lithium. Monomers involved in anionic polymerization must possess a vinyl group bonded to one or two electron-withdrawing groups. For instance,...
2.3K
Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism01:04

Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism

2.2K
The mechanism for anionic chain-growth polymerization involves initiation, propagation, and termination steps. In the initiation step, a nucleophilic anion, such as butyl lithium, initiates the polymerization process by attacking the π bond of the vinylic monomer. As a result, a carbanion, stabilized by the electron‐withdrawing group, is generated. The resulting carbanion acts as a Michael donor in the propagation step and attacks the second vinylic monomer, which acts as a Michael...
2.2K

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Updated: Nov 9, 2025

Synthesis of Monodisperse Cylindrical Nanoparticles via Crystallization-driven Self-assembly of Biodegradable Block Copolymers
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Frustration in block copolymer assemblies.

An-Chang Shi1

  • 1Department of Physics and Astronomy, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4M1 Canada.

Journal of Physics. Condensed Matter : an Institute of Physics Journal
|April 16, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Frustration in block copolymers drives self-assembly across scales. Tailored copolymer designs can control this frustration to create complex structures.

Keywords:
block copolymersfrustrationself-assembly

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Area of Science:

  • Condensed matter physics
  • Polymer science
  • Materials science

Background:

  • Frustration is a key concept in condensed matter and soft matter self-assembly.
  • In polymeric systems, frustration occurs at molecular, mesoscopic, and larger scales.
  • Molecular frustration stems from block repulsion versus chain connectivity; mesoscopic frustration arises from shape maintenance versus space-filling demands.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the origins and implications of frustration in block copolymer self-assembly.
  • To demonstrate how designed block copolymer systems can regulate frustration.
  • To achieve the formation of complex ordered and hierarchically structured phases.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent theoretical and experimental studies.
  • Analysis of multiblock copolymers with varied architectures.
  • Investigation of block copolymer blends.

Main Results:

  • Understanding the multi-scale origins of frustration in block copolymers.
  • Demonstration that designed systems can effectively regulate frustration.
  • Formation of complex ordered and hierarchical structures through frustration control.

Conclusions:

  • Frustration is a fundamental driver in block copolymer self-assembly.
  • Strategic design of block copolymer systems allows for precise control over frustration.
  • This control enables the creation of sophisticated materials with tailored hierarchical structures.