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Magnetic Fields

Magnetic Fields

A moving charge or a current creates a magnetic field in the surrounding space, in addition to its electric field. The magnetic field exerts a force on any other moving charge or current that is present in the field. Like an electric field, the magnetic field is also a vector field. At any position, the direction of the magnetic field is defined as the direction in which the north pole of a compass needle points.
A magnetic field is defined by the force that a charged particle experiences...

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Relaxation Processes

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Relaxation Processes

In the absence of an external magnetic field, nuclear spin states are degenerate and randomly oriented. When a magnetic field is applied, the spins begin to precess and orient themselves along (lower energy) or against (higher energy) the direction of the field. At equilibrium, a slight excess population of spins exists in the lower energy state. Because the direction of the magnetic field is fixed as the z-axis, the precessing magnetic moments are randomly oriented around the z-axis.

Energy In A Magnetic Field

Energy In A Magnetic Field

If a magnetic field is sustained, there must be a current in a closed circuit or loop, implying some energy has been spent in creating the field. If this energy is not dissipated via the circuit's resistance, it is stored in the field.
Take an ideal inductor with zero resistance. Although it's practically impossible, assume that the coil's resistance is so small that it is practically negligible. The loss of the field's energy to dissipate thermal energy (or heat) is thus...

Motional Emf

Motional Emf

Magnetic flux depends on three factors: the strength of the magnetic field, the area through which the field lines pass, and the field's orientation with respect to the surface area. If any of these quantities vary, a corresponding variation in magnetic flux occurs. If the area through which the magnetic field lines are passing changes, then the magnetic flux also changes. This change in the area can be of two types: the flux through the rectangular loop increases as it moves into the...

Magnetic Field due to Moving Charges

Magnetic Field due to Moving Charges

A stationary charge creates and interacts with the electric field, while a moving charge creates a magnetic field.
Consider a point charge moving with a constant velocity. Like the electric field, the magnetic field at any point is directly proportional to the magnitude of the charge and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between the source point and the field point. However, unlike the electric field, the magnetic field is always perpendicular to the plane containing the line...

Atomic Nuclei: Magnetic Resonance

Atomic Nuclei: Magnetic Resonance

The number of nuclear spins aligned in the lower energy state is slightly greater than those in the higher energy state. In the presence of an external magnetic field, as the spins precess at the Larmor frequency, the excess population results in a net magnetization oriented along the z axis. When a pulse or a short burst of radio waves at the Larmor frequency is applied along the x axis, the coupling of frequencies causes resonance and flips the nuclear spins of the excess population from the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 9, 2025

Direct Imaging of Laser-driven Ultrafast Molecular Rotation

Direct Imaging of Laser-driven Ultrafast Molecular Rotation

Published on: February 4, 2017

Dynamics of laser-generated magnetic fields using long laser pulses.

Hiroki Morita¹, Bradley B Pollock², Clement S Goyon²

¹Institute of Laser Engineering, Osaka University, 2-6 Yamada-Oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.

Physical Review. E

|April 17, 2021

Summary

High-power laser pulses drive magnetic field generation in a gold coil. Proton deflectometry reveals a rapidly rising field, with simulations explaining current diffusion and heating effects.

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Direct Imaging of Laser-driven Ultrafast Molecular Rotation

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Area of Science:

Plasma physics
Electromagnetism
Materials science

Background:

Laser-driven magnetic field generation is crucial for applications like inertial confinement fusion.
Understanding the transient dynamics of current and magnetic fields in metallic coils under intense laser irradiation is essential.

Purpose of the Study:

To experimentally investigate magnetic field generation using a half-loop gold sheet coil driven by long-duration, high-power laser pulses.
To characterize the temporal evolution of the generated magnetic field using proton deflectometry.
To numerically simulate the transient current dynamics, considering Ohmic heating and temperature-dependent resistivity.

Main Methods:

Experimental setup utilizing a half-loop gold sheet coil subjected to 10 ns, 0.5 TW laser pulses.
Proton deflectometry for measuring the amplitude and temporal evolution of the generated magnetic field.
Two-dimensional (2D) numerical simulations incorporating Ohmic heating and electrical resistivity changes due to temperature.

Main Results:

The magnetic field amplitude rapidly increased in the first nanosecond and then continued to rise slowly up to 10 nanoseconds.
Numerical simulations indicated initial current localization at the coil edges, followed by diffusion to the central region.
Ohmic heating significantly influenced current distribution and coil resistance over time.

Conclusions:

The study successfully characterized laser-induced magnetic field generation in a gold coil.
The interplay between current diffusion and Ohmic heating dictates the transient magnetic field behavior.
The findings provide valuable insights for optimizing laser-driven magnetic field sources.