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Related Concept Videos

Neuroplasticity01:01

Neuroplasticity

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Neuroplasticity reflects the brain's remarkable capacity to adapt and evolve, responding dynamically to learning, experiences, or injury by reorganizing its neural circuitry. This reorganization involves creating new neural connections and refining old ones through a series of biological processes that contribute to the brain's lifelong development and adaptability.
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Nervous Tissue: Myelin01:25

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The myelin sheath is a multilayered lipid and protein covering that insulates the axon of a neuron, enhancing the speed of nerve impulse conduction. Axons without this sheath are referred to as unmyelinated. Two types of neuroglia, Schwann cells in the peripheral nervous system (PNS) and oligodendrocytes in the central nervous system (CNS) are responsible for producing myelin sheaths.
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In the CNS, neurogenesis, the birth of new neurons from stem cells, is limited to the hippocampus in adults. In other regions of the brain and spinal cord, neurogenesis is almost non-existent due to inhibitory influences from neuroglia, especially oligodendrocytes, and the absence of growth-stimulating cues. The myelin produced by oligodendrocytes in the CNS inhibits neuronal regeneration. Furthermore, astrocytes proliferate rapidly after neuronal damage, forming scar tissue that physically...
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Plasticity00:58

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Generation of Oligodendrocytes and Oligodendrocyte-Conditioned Medium for Co-Culture Experiments
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Oligodendrogenesis and myelination regulate cortical development, plasticity and circuit function.

Jessica L Fletcher1, Kalina Makowiecki1, Carlie L Cullen1

  • 1Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia.

Seminars in Cell & Developmental Biology
|April 17, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Oligodendrocytes myelinate neurons for efficient brain communication and axon health. This review details their role in development, function, and lifelong learning.

Keywords:
CognitionCortexDevelopmentLearningMotor functionMyelinNG2 gliaNeuronal activityNodal plasticityOligodendrocytePeriaxonal plasticity

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Developmental Biology
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • Oligodendrocytes myelinate diverse neuronal types in the cortex.
  • Myelination is crucial for saltatory conduction and action potential timing.
  • Oligodendrocytes provide metabolic support essential for axon health and aging.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review oligodendrocyte development (oligodendrogenesis) in mouse and human cortex.
  • To describe the role of oligodendrocytes in sustaining and modulating neuronal function.
  • To explore the impact of myelination on cortical circuits throughout life, including learning and memory.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of oligodendrogenesis timing.
  • Analysis of oligodendrocyte-axon interactions.
  • Synthesis of current knowledge on myelination's functional impact.

Main Results:

  • Oligodendrocytes are vital from cortical development through adulthood.
  • Myelination influences neuronal communication speed and axon integrity.
  • Oligodendrocytes play a continuous role in cognitive functions like learning and memory.

Conclusions:

  • Oligodendrocytes are critical for neural circuit function and plasticity.
  • Myelination's impact extends beyond development, supporting lifelong brain health.
  • Understanding oligodendrocytes offers insights into neurodevelopmental and aging processes.