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Related Concept Videos

Olfaction01:25

Olfaction

46.6K
The sense of smell is achieved through the activities of the olfactory system. It starts when an airborne odorant enters the nasal cavity and reaches olfactory epithelium (OE). The OE is protected by a thin layer of mucus, which also serves the purpose of dissolving more complex compounds into simpler chemical odorants. The size of the OE and the density of sensory neurons varies among species; in humans, the OE is only about 9-10 cm2.
The olfactory receptors are embedded in the cilia of the...
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Physiology of Smell and Olfactory Pathway01:20

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Humans detect odors with the help of specialized cells located in the upper part of the nasal cavity, called olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs). ORNs possess hair-like structures called cilia, which are receptive to sensations from the inhaled air. When an odorant molecule binds to a specific receptor on the cell of the cilia, it leads to a series of events that ultimately cause the ORN to send electrical signals to the olfactory bulb in the brain through the olfactory nerves.
The olfactory...
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Olfactory Receptors: Location and Structure01:03

Olfactory Receptors: Location and Structure

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The process of olfaction, also known as the sense of smell, is a sophisticated chemical response system. The specialized sensory neurons that facilitate this process, known as olfactory receptor neurons, are situated in an upper segment of the nasal cavity, known as the olfactory epithelium. Olfactory sensory neurons are bipolar, with their dendrites extending from the epithelium's apex into the mucus that lines the nasal cavity. Airborne molecules, when inhaled, traverse the olfactory...
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Updated: Nov 9, 2025

Controlled Odor Mimic Permeation Systems for Olfactory Training and Field Testing
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Olfactory training with Aromastics: olfactory and cognitive effects.

Anna Oleszkiewicz1,2, Laura Bottesi3, Michal Pieniak4

  • 1Smell & Taste Clinic, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, TU Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 74, 01307, Dresden, Germany. ania.oleszkiewicz@gmail.com.

European Archives of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology : Official Journal of the European Federation of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (EUFOS) : Affiliated with the German Society for Oto-Rhino-Laryngology - Head and Neck Surgery
|April 17, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Standard olfactory training (OT) twice daily is more effective for olfactory rehabilitation and verbal fluency than intense OT. This approach benefits individuals with lower baseline scores, suggesting a ceiling effect with more frequent training.

Keywords:
OlfactionOlfaction disordersOlfactory rehabilitationOlfactory trainingSmell

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cognitive Science

Background:

  • Olfactory training (OT) enhances olfactory function and shows potential benefits for cognitive tasks.
  • Optimal OT protocols require further investigation to maximize effectiveness.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine if increased frequency of olfactory training (OT) improves outcomes in olfactory and cognitive domains.
  • To compare the efficacy of standard (twice daily) versus intense (four times daily) OT protocols.

Main Methods:

  • Fifty-five subjects, including those with impaired olfaction, were randomized into standard or intense OT groups.
  • Olfactory and cognitive assessments were conducted before and after the intervention period.

Main Results:

  • Standard OT (twice daily) demonstrated superior results in olfactory rehabilitation compared to intense OT (four times daily).
  • Verbal semantic fluency also showed greater improvement with standard OT, particularly in participants with lower initial scores.

Conclusions:

  • Olfactory training is effective for improving olfactory function and verbal semantic fluency.
  • A twice-daily OT regimen appears optimal, potentially due to a ceiling effect with more frequent stimulation, benefiting those with lower baseline performance.