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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 9, 2025

Examining Recall Memory in Infancy and Early Childhood Using the Elicited Imitation Paradigm
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Source memory and social exchange in young children.

Xianwei Meng1,2, Tatsunori Ishii3, Kairi Sugimoto4

  • 1Graduate School of Human Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan. mokeni1211@gmail.com.

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Summary

Children

Keywords:
ChildrenExpectation-violationFacial expressionMemoryNegativity biasSocial development

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive psychology
  • Developmental psychology

Background:

  • Social interactions rely on remembering past exchanges.
  • Understanding social memory in early childhood is crucial for peer relationships.
  • The expectation-violation effect in adult source memory is well-documented.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the presence of the expectation-violation effect in 5-6-year-old children's source memory.
  • To explore how children remember social partner actions in a game context.
  • To determine if incongruent social exchanges impact memory recall in young children.

Main Methods:

  • Forty 5-6-year-old children participated in a coin collection game.
  • Participants encountered individuals displaying smiling or angry expressions while giving or taking coins.
  • Congruent (expected) and incongruent (unexpected) social exchange conditions were created.
  • Children's recall of actions associated with each individual was subsequently tested.

Main Results:

  • Children perceived individuals in incongruent conditions as more "strange," indicating violated expectations.
  • No enhanced source memory was observed for incongruent social exchanges.
  • Children demonstrated better recall for actions associated with angry facial expressions compared to smiling ones.

Conclusions:

  • While children's expectations are violated by incongruent social cues, this does not automatically enhance source memory.
  • Angry facial expressions appear to be more salient for children's source memory in social exchange scenarios.
  • This suggests a potential bias towards processing negative social information in early childhood memory.