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Updated: Nov 9, 2025

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Generalized and tissue specific glucocorticoid resistance.

Clarissa Silva Martins1, Margaret de Castro2

  • 1Department of Internal Medicine - Ribeirao Preto Medical School - University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil; School of Medicine, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil.

Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology
|April 17, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Glucocorticoid (GC) resistance, a factor in chronic inflammation, is influenced by various biological mechanisms. Understanding these factors is key to managing GC therapy effectively.

Keywords:
Glucocorticoid receptorGlucocorticoid resistanceGlucocorticoid signaling

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Glucocorticoids (GCs) are vital steroid hormones with widespread physiological roles.
  • GCs are frequently prescribed globally, highlighting their clinical importance.
  • GC resistance, seen in Chrousos' syndrome and chronic inflammation, poses therapeutic challenges.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the key factors influencing individual glucocorticoid sensitivity and resistance.
  • To elucidate the complex regulatory mechanisms governing GC action.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies on glucocorticoid receptor (GR) regulation.
  • Analysis of molecular mechanisms affecting GR signaling pathways.
  • Synthesis of information on tissue-specific modulation of GC response.

Main Results:

  • GC sensitivity is finely tuned through tissue-specific mechanisms.
  • Multiple factors, including GR promoters, translation sites, and splice variants, regulate GC action.
  • Post-translational modifications and alternative signaling pathways also impact GC responsiveness.

Conclusions:

  • Individual glucocorticoid sensitivity is multifactorial and tissue-specific.
  • A comprehensive understanding of these regulatory elements is crucial for optimizing GC therapy.
  • Further research into these mechanisms may lead to improved treatment strategies for GC-resistant conditions.