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Related Concept Videos

Diabetes Mellitus: Type 2 and Gestational01:22

Diabetes Mellitus: Type 2 and Gestational

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Type 2 diabetes, characterized by insulin resistance, arises when the insulin receptors on cells lose responsiveness to insulin, diminishing the cell's capacity to take up glucose, resulting in elevated blood glucose levels. To receive a diagnosis of Type 2 diabetes, a series of blood glucose tests are necessary to assess whether the blood glucose falls within normal parameters. If the result is out of the normal range, a patient may be diagnosed as prediabetic or diabetic, depending on the...
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Pathophysiology of Diabetes01:20

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Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia. The four categories of diabetes are type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, other specific types of diabetes, and gestational diabetes.
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Oral Hypoglycemic Agents: α-Glucosidase Inhibitors01:19

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α-glucosidase inhibitors, including acarbose (Precose), miglitol (Glyset), and voglibose (Voglib) (primarily available in Asia), are drugs that control blood sugar levels by delaying the digestion of starch and disaccharides. They achieve this by inhibiting α-glucosidase enzymes in the intestine, which slow the absorption of carbohydrates in the intestine, which in turn leads to a prolonged release of the glucoregulatory hormone GLP-1 from intestinal L-cells.
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Oral Hypoglycemic Agents: Biguanides and Glitazones01:26

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Biguanides, particularly metformin (Glucophage), are insulin sensitizers that enhance glucose uptake, thereby reducing insulin resistance. Unlike sulfonylureas, metformin doesn't prompt insulin secretion, which helps to curb hypoglycemia risk. Metformin is beneficial in treating conditions like polycystic ovary syndrome due to its insulin-resistance reduction capability. The drug's primary action involves curtailing hepatic gluconeogenesis, a significant contributor to high blood...
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Dipeptidyl Peptidase 4 Inhibitors01:23

Dipeptidyl Peptidase 4 Inhibitors

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Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP-4) is a serine protease widely distributed in the body. It's involved in the inactivation of GLP-1 and GIP hormones, which are crucial for insulin regulation. DPP-4 inhibitors, such as sitagliptin (Januvia), saxagliptin (Onglyza), linagliptin (Tradjenta), alogliptin (Nesina), and vildagliptin (Galvus), help increase the proportion of active GLP-1, enhancing insulin secretion. These inhibitors work by competitively binding to DPP-4. This binding causes a...
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Hormones Regulating Blood Glucose01:16

Hormones Regulating Blood Glucose

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Insulin is released by beta cells of the pancreas when blood glucose levels are high. It facilitates glucose absorption and utilization in insulin-dependent cells with insulin receptors on their plasma membranes. Insulin promotes glucose uptake by increasing the number of glucose transport proteins in the cell membrane, allowing glucose to enter the cell. As a result, glucose utilization and ATP production are enhanced.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 8, 2025

Probiotic Studies in Neonatal Mice Using Gavage
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Probiotics for preventing gestational diabetes.

Sarah J Davidson1,2,3, Helen L Barrett4,5, Sarah A Price6,7,8,9,10

  • 1Department of Women's and Newborn Services, Royal Brisbane & Women's Hospital, Herston, Australia.

The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
|April 19, 2021
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Probiotic supplements show uncertain effects on preventing gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) but significantly increase the risk of pre-eclampsia in pregnant individuals. Caution is advised due to potential harms and limited benefits observed in current research.

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Area of Science:

  • Maternal-fetal medicine
  • Microbiome research
  • Nutritional supplementation

Background:

  • Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) poses risks to mother and infant, with lifestyle interventions showing limited success.
  • The gut microbiome influences metabolic pathways, and probiotics are explored for modulating it during pregnancy.
  • Previous reviews on probiotics for GDM prevention were updated in 2020.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To systematically evaluate the efficacy of probiotic supplements in preventing GDM.
  • To assess probiotics' effects when used alone or with other interventions.
  • To analyze impacts on maternal and infant outcomes.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.
  • Searched major clinical trial registries and databases up to March 2020.
  • Included trials comparing probiotics with placebo or diet; excluded quasi-randomized and crossover designs.

Main Results:

  • Probiotics demonstrated uncertain effects on GDM risk (low-certainty evidence).
  • A significant increase in pre-eclampsia risk was observed with probiotic use (high-certainty evidence).
  • No clear benefits were found for caesarean section, maternal weight gain, or infant size; potential increase in hypertensive disorders noted.

Conclusions:

  • Current evidence suggests probiotics do not effectively prevent GDM and may increase pre-eclampsia risk.
  • The certainty of evidence for GDM prevention is low, while evidence for increased pre-eclampsia risk is high.
  • Caution is recommended regarding probiotic use in pregnancy; ongoing studies should focus on pre-eclampsia and hypertensive disorders.