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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 8, 2025

Human Circadian Phenotyping and Diurnal Performance Testing in the Real World
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Infant diurnal cortisol predicts sleep.

Charu T Tuladhar1, Sophie Schwartz2, Ashley M St John1

  • 1Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA.

Journal of Sleep Research
|April 19, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Early sleep onset in infants is linked to lower cortisol levels. The day-to-day relationship between sleep and cortisol is primarily driven by diurnal cortisol patterns, not bidirectional influences.

Keywords:
diurnal salivary cortisolinfancyphysiological stresssleep durationsleep onset

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Area of Science:

  • Developmental psychology
  • Endocrinology
  • Sleep science

Background:

  • The infant sleep-wake and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axes mature concurrently.
  • Dysregulation in one system can negatively impact the other, increasing health risks.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the association between infant sleep patterns and cortisol exposure.
  • To explore the daily interplay between sleep characteristics and cortisol regulation.

Main Methods:

  • Actigraphy used to measure night-time sleep duration and onset in 12-month-old infants.
  • Hair cortisol concentration measured for cumulative cortisol exposure.
  • Salivary cortisol collected to assess daily cortisol levels.

Main Results:

  • Earlier sleep onset predicted lower hair cortisol, independent of sleep duration and socioeconomic factors.
  • Lower daily cortisol exposure correlated with longer night-time sleep duration.
  • Lower evening salivary cortisol predicted earlier sleep onset.
  • Sleep patterns did not predict subsequent day's cortisol levels.

Conclusions:

  • Infant sleep onset is a significant predictor of cumulative cortisol exposure.
  • The daily relationship between sleep and cortisol in early development appears unidirectional, influenced by diurnal cortisol rhythms.