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Related Concept Videos

Role of Vitamins in Maintaining Bone Health01:25

Role of Vitamins in Maintaining Bone Health

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The growth and maintenance of bone are regulated by a combination of nutritional factors, including vitamins, such as vitamin A, B12, C, D, and K.
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Vitamin A is involved in the process of bone remodeling. Retinoic acid, the active metabolite of Vitamin A, has nuclear receptors in osteoblasts and osteoclasts, which are involved in bone remodeling.
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Vitamins

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Vitamins, derived from the Latin word for life, are essential organic substances required in small quantities for optimal growth and overall well-being. Unlike other organic nutrients, vitamins don't act as sources of energy or building materials but rather facilitate these nutrients' utilization by the body. Vitamins are predominantly coenzymes, assisting enzymes in specific chemical actions, like the oxidation of glucose for energy involving B vitamins. Most vitamins are not produced...
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Role of Skin in Vitamin D Synthesis01:23

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The skin plays a crucial role in the synthesis of vitamin D, a vital nutrient for various physiological processes in the body. Vitamin D is unique because it can be synthesized in the skin through a series of chemical reactions triggered by exposure to ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation from sunlight.
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Anticoagulant Drugs: Vitamin K Antagonists and Direct Oral Anticoagulants01:18

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Oral anticoagulants are vital tools in preventing and treating blood clotting disorders. This diverse class of medications can be categorized as vitamin K antagonists, exemplified by warfarin, and direct thrombin inhibitors (DTIs), such as dabigatran, as well as factor Xa inhibitors, including rivaroxaban.
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Connective Tissue Cell Types01:22

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Connective tissue develops from the mesoderm of a developing embryo and consists of cells, fibers, and ground substance: a gel-like material containing large complexes of carbohydrates and proteins. Connective tissue was first identified as a separate tissue family in the 18th century, and Johannes Peter Muller coined the term connective tissue.
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Skeleton and Calcium Homeostasis01:21

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Calcium is not only the most abundant mineral in bone but also the most abundant mineral in the human body. Calcium ions are needed for bone mineralization, tooth health, heart rate regulation and strength of contraction, blood coagulation, the contraction of smooth and skeletal muscle cells, and the regulation of nerve impulse conduction. The average calcium level in the blood is about 10 mg/dL. When the body cannot maintain this level, a person will experience hypo or hypercalcemia.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 8, 2025

Calcification of Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells and Imaging of Aortic Calcification and Inflammation
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Vitamin K and vascular calcification.

Jennifer S Lees1, Patrick B Mark1, Miles D Witham2

  • 1Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow.

Current Opinion in Nephrology and Hypertension
|April 19, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Vitamin K deficiency is linked to vascular calcification in chronic kidney disease (CKD). However, current trials show vitamin K supplementation does not improve calcification or stiffness in CKD patients.

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiovascular Medicine
  • Nephrology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Vascular calcification is a significant cardiovascular risk factor in chronic kidney disease (CKD).
  • Vitamin K-dependent proteins are increasingly recognized as key regulators of vascular calcification.
  • Understanding these mechanisms is crucial for managing cardiovascular complications in CKD.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent advancements in the biology, epidemiology, and clinical trials of vascular calcification, focusing on the role of vitamin K.
  • To evaluate the current evidence regarding vitamin K's efficacy in preventing or reversing vascular calcification in CKD patients.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of recent studies on vascular calcification and vitamin K.
  • Analysis of epidemiological data and findings from randomized controlled trials (RCTs).
  • Synthesis of evidence on vitamin K's proposed mechanisms of action.

Main Results:

  • Vitamin K deficiency correlates with increased vascular calcification severity in CKD, but links to cardiovascular disease and mortality are inconsistent.
  • Potential mechanisms include enhancing calcification inhibitors and reducing inflammation.
  • Recent RCTs in patients with diabetes, CKD, renal transplant, and on hemodialysis did not show benefits of vitamin K on vascular calcification or stiffness.

Conclusions:

  • Current evidence does not support vitamin K supplementation for preventing or reversing vascular calcification in CKD.
  • Further research is needed to explore optimal dosing, duration, and combination therapies for vitamin K in vascular calcification management.