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Related Concept Videos

Free-Radical Chain Reaction and Polymerization of Alkenes02:35

Free-Radical Chain Reaction and Polymerization of Alkenes

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The conversion of alkenes to macromolecules called polymers is a reaction of high commercial importance. The structure of the polymer is defined by a repeating unit, while the terminal groups are considered insignificant. The average degree of polymerization represents the number of repeating units in the polymer molecule and is denoted by the subscript n.
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Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism01:09

Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism

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The radical chain-growth polymerization mechanism consists of three steps: initiation, propagation, and termination of polymerization. The polymerization initiates when a free radical generated from the radical initiator adds to the unsaturated bond in the monomer. The unpaired electron of the free radical and one π electron in the unsaturated bond creates a σ bond between the free radical and the monomer. As a result, the other π electron in the unsaturated bond converts this species into...
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Radical Formation: Abstraction00:47

Radical Formation: Abstraction

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The electron of an atom can be abstracted from a compound by a relatively unstable radical to generate a new radical of relatively greater stability. For example, an initiator which forms radicals by homolysis can abstract a suitable species like a hydrogen atom or a halogen atom from a compound to generate a new radical. This ability of radicals to propagate by abstraction is a crucial feature of radical chain reactions.
Even though homolysis produces radicals, it is different from radical...
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Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:10

Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview

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Chain-growth or addition polymerization is successive addition reactions of monomers with a polymer chain. In radical chain-growth polymerization, the reaction proceeds via a free-radical intermediate. The free radical is formed from radical initiators, which spontaneously generate free radicals by homolytic fission. Organic peroxides (such as dibenzoyl peroxide, as shown in Figure 1) or azo compounds are popular radical initiators. A low concentration ratio of radical initiator to monomer is...
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Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Chain Branching01:17

Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Chain Branching

2.2K
The skeletal structure of polymers synthesized via radical polymerization is always branched. For example, the polymerization of ethylene by radical polymerization results in a low-density grade of polyethylene with a heavily branched skeletal structure. Here, the radical site abstracts hydrogen from the growing chain, and the radical site shifts from the end (a primary carbon center) to anywhere within the growing chain (a secondary carbon center). Consequently, the part of the chain from the...
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Radical Reactivity: Electrophilic Radicals01:02

Radical Reactivity: Electrophilic Radicals

2.1K
Radicals adjacent to electron‐withdrawing groups are called electrophilic radicals. These radicals readily react with nucleophilic alkenes. For example, the malonate radical, in which the radical center is flanked by two electron‐withdrawing groups, reacts readily with butyl vinyl ether, which consists of an electron‐donating oxygen substituent. The reaction between electrophilic malonate radical and nucleophilic vinyl ether is favored because the radical has a...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 8, 2025

Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization of Functionalized Vinyl Monomers Using Perylene as a Visible Light Photocatalyst
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Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization of Functionalized Vinyl Monomers Using Perylene as a Visible Light Photocatalyst

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Plug-and-play aqueous electrochemical atom transfer radical polymerization.

Boyu Zhao1, Mahir Mohammed1, Bryn A Jones1

  • 1Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK. p.wilson.1@warwick.ac.uk.

Chemical Communications (Cambridge, England)
|April 19, 2021
PubMed
Summary

A simplified plug-and-play method for aqueous electrochemical atom transfer radical polymerization (eATRP) was created. This technique allows for well-controlled polymerization of PEGA480 under various electrochemical conditions.

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Reductive Electropolymerization of a Vinyl-containing Poly-pyridyl Complex on Glassy Carbon and Fluorine-doped Tin Oxide Electrodes
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Reductive Electropolymerization of a Vinyl-containing Poly-pyridyl Complex on Glassy Carbon and Fluorine-doped Tin Oxide Electrodes
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Area of Science:

  • Polymer Chemistry
  • Electrochemistry
  • Organic Synthesis

Background:

  • Electrochemical atom transfer radical polymerization (eATRP) offers a metal-free polymerization method.
  • Developing simplified and versatile eATRP techniques is crucial for broader applications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a simplified 'plug-and-play' approach for aqueous eATRP.
  • To demonstrate the control over polymerization using this new method.

Main Methods:

  • Aqueous electrochemical atom transfer radical polymerization (eATRP) was performed.
  • Potentiostatic (3-electrodes, undivided cell) and galvanostatic (2-electrodes, 6-steps) conditions were utilized.
  • Polymerization of poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether acrylate (PEGA480) was investigated.

Main Results:

  • Well-controlled polymerization of PEGA480 was achieved.
  • The dispersity of the resulting PEGA480 (Đm) ranged from 1.17 to 1.31.
  • The method proved effective under both potentiostatic and galvanostatic control.

Conclusions:

  • A simplified and adaptable 'plug-and-play' eATRP system has been successfully developed.
  • This method provides excellent control over polymerization in aqueous media.
  • The developed technique is suitable for various electrochemical polymerization setups.