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Related Concept Videos

Pigmentation01:19

Pigmentation

3.7K
The color of the skin is influenced by a number of pigments, including melanin, carotene, and hemoglobin. Recall that melanin is produced by cells called melanocytes, which are found scattered throughout the stratum basale of the epidermis. The melanin is transferred to the keratinocytes via melanosomes.
Melanin occurs in two primary forms: eumelanin that provides black and brown pigment and pheomelanin that provides red color. Dark-skinned individuals produce more melanin than those with pale...
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Photoreceptors and Visual Pathways01:22

Photoreceptors and Visual Pathways

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At the molecular level, visual signals trigger transformations in photopigment molecules, resulting in changes in the photoreceptor cell's membrane potential. The photon's energy level is denoted by its wavelength, with each specific wavelength of visible light associated with a distinct color. The spectral range of visible light, classified as electromagnetic radiation, spans from 380 to 720 nm. Electromagnetic radiation wavelengths exceeding 720 nm fall under the infrared category,...
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Changes in Skin Color: Clinical Perspectives01:14

Changes in Skin Color: Clinical Perspectives

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The first thing a clinician sees is the skin, so the examination of the skin should be part of any thorough physical examination. Most skin disorders are relatively benign, but a few, including melanomas, can be fatal if untreated. A couple of the more noticeable disorders, albinism and vitiligo, affect the appearance of the skin and its accessory organs.
Albinism
Albinism is a genetic disorder that affects (completely or partially) the coloring of skin, hair, and eyes. The defect is primarily...
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Pleiotropy01:33

Pleiotropy

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Pleiotropy is the phenomenon in which a single gene impacts multiple, seemingly unrelated phenotypic traits. For example, defects in the SOX10 gene cause Waardenburg Syndrome Type 4, or WS4, which can cause defects in pigmentation, hearing impairments, and an absence of intestinal contractions necessary for elimination. This diversity of phenotypes results from the expression pattern of SOX10 in early embryonic and fetal development. SOX10 is found in neural crest cells that form melanocytes,...
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Skin Diseases and Disorders01:23

Skin Diseases and Disorders

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Skin is the first line of defense and encounters a variety of microbes. Some pathogenic strains are often the cause of a broad range of infections of the skin and other body systems. These conditions can affect people of all ages and may have different causes, including genetic factors, infections, autoimmune reactions, environmental factors, and lifestyle choices.
Gram-positive Staphylococcus spp. and Streptococcus spp. are responsible for many of the most common skin infections. However, many...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 8, 2025

Electroporation-Based Genetic Modification of Primary Human Pigment Epithelial Cells Using the Sleeping Beauty Transposon System
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[Pigment Dispersion Syndrome].

Matthias Nobl, Marc Mackert

    Klinische Monatsblatter Fur Augenheilkunde
    |April 19, 2021
    PubMed
    Summary

    Pigment dispersion syndrome (PDS) causes pigment release from the iris, potentially leading to pigmentary glaucoma (PG). Early diagnosis and understanding treatment options for PDS and PG are crucial for managing intraocular pressure.

    Area of Science:

    • Ophthalmology
    • Genetics

    Context:

    • Pigment dispersion syndrome (PDS) affects young, myopic adults.
    • Characterized by iris pigment liberation and deposition in the anterior segment.

    Purpose:

    • Summarize ocular manifestations of PDS for early diagnosis.
    • Present a general overview of pigmentary glaucoma (PG) treatment.

    Summary:

    • PDS involves pigment deposition on corneal endothelium, iris transillumination defects, posterior iris bowing, and trabecular meshwork pigmentation.
    • Iris bowing causes pigment release, leading to reduced aqueous outflow and risk of elevated intraocular pressure and glaucoma.

    Impact:

    • Facilitates early PDS diagnosis and timely intervention.
    • Provides insights into managing secondary open-angle glaucoma (pigmentary glaucoma).

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  • Highlights the need for confirmed efficacy of treatments like laser iridotomy in preventing PG.