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Related Concept Videos

Mitochondrial Membranes01:45

Mitochondrial Membranes

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A single mitochondrion is a bean-shaped organelle enclosed by a double-membrane system. The outer membrane of mitochondria is smooth and contains many porins - the integral membrane transporters. Porins enable free diffusion of ions and small uncharged molecules through the outer mitochondrial membrane but limit the transport of molecules larger than 5000 Daltons. Further, the outer mitochondrial membrane forms a unique structure called membrane contact sites with other subcellular organelles,...
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The Inner Mitochondrial Membrane01:28

The Inner Mitochondrial Membrane

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The inner mitochondrial membrane is the primary site of ATP synthesis. The inner membrane domain that forms a smooth layer adjacent to the outer membrane is called the inner boundary membrane. This domain contains membrane transporters that drive metabolites in and out of the mitochondria.  In contrast, the inner membrane network that invaginates into the matrix space is called the cristae membrane. This domain accounts for principle mitochondrial function as it accommodates the protein...
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Mitochondria01:37

Mitochondria

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Mitochondria are eukaryotic cellular organelles that are known to produce energy through a process called oxidative phosphorylation. Besides their primary function, mitochondria are involved in various cellular processes, including cell growth, differentiation, signaling, metabolism, and senescence. Age-related changes cause a decline in mitochondrial quality and integrity due to increased mitochondrial mutations and oxidative damage. Thus, aging can severely impact mitochondrial functions,...
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Translocation of Proteins into the Mitochondria01:19

Translocation of Proteins into the Mitochondria

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Mitochondrial precursors are translocated to the internal subcompartments via independent mechanisms involving distinct protein machineries called translocases.
Sorting of outer membrane proteins:
Mitochondrial outer membrane proteins are of two types: the transmembrane, beta-barrel porins, and the membrane-anchored, alpha-helical proteins. Beta-barrel porin precursors are translocated by the TOM complex and inserted into the outer mitochondrial membrane by the SAM complex. In contrast,...
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Mitochondrial Protein Sorting01:39

Mitochondrial Protein Sorting

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Mitochondria are double-membrane organelles of the eukaryotes involved in cellular metabolism, signaling, ATP synthesis, and programmed cell death.  Each of these processes requires specific proteins and enzymes that must be correctly sorted to the right mitochondrial subcompartment for the proper functioning of the organelle.
Most of these mitochondrial proteins are encoded by the nucleus and imported to the mitochondria as unfolded or loosely folded precursors. Mitochondrial precursors...
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Animal Mitochondrial Genetics02:59

Animal Mitochondrial Genetics

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Among all the organelles in an animal cell, only mitochondria have their own independent genomes. Animal mitochondrial DNA is a double-stranded, closed-circular molecule with around 20,000 base pairs. Mitochondrial DNA is unique in that one of its two strands, the heavy, or H, -strand is guanine rich, whereas the complementary strand is cytosine rich and called the light, or L, -strand. Compared to nuclear DNA, mitochondrial DNA has a very low percentage of non-coding regions and is marked by...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 8, 2025

Understanding the Changes in Mitochondrial Morphology through Dynamic and Three-dimensional Fluorescence Micrographs
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Understanding the Changes in Mitochondrial Morphology through Dynamic and Three-dimensional Fluorescence Micrographs

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Mitochondrial dynamics.

David C Logan1

  • 1School of Biology, Sir Harold Mitchell Building, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, KY16 9TH, UK.

The New Phytologist
|April 20, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Mitochondria divide and fuse, a balance controlling their form and number. Recent advances identify genes governing plant mitochondrial dynamics, offering new insights into these essential cellular processes.

Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Molecular Genetics
  • Plant Science

Background:

  • Mitochondria arise from pre-existing organelles via fission and fusion.
  • The balance of fission and fusion regulates mitochondrial morphology, size, and number.
  • Mitochondrial dynamics are well-studied in yeast and mammals, but less so in plants.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current knowledge of mitochondrial dynamics across organisms.
  • To connect general mitochondrial dynamics with recent findings in higher plants.
  • To highlight identified genes controlling plant mitochondrial dynamics.

Main Methods:

  • Review of molecular genetics and cell biology studies.
  • Utilized mitochondrial-targeted green fluorescent protein (GFP) in model organisms.
Keywords:
developmentdivisiondynamicsfissionfusionmitochondriamorphology

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  • Analysis of recently identified genes in higher plants.

    • Main Results:

    • Identified proteins controlling mitochondrial dynamics in yeast and mammals.
    • Several genes involved in plant mitochondrial dynamics have recently been discovered.
    • Established a framework for understanding plant mitochondrial dynamics.

    Conclusions:

    • Mitochondrial dynamics are fundamental to cellular function.
    • Recent discoveries are beginning to elucidate plant-specific mechanisms.
    • Further research is needed to fully understand higher plant mitochondrial dynamics.