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Related Concept Videos

The Cell Cycle Control System01:28

The Cell Cycle Control System

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The cell cycle regulation directs how a cell proceeds from one phase to the next and begins mitosis. The cell cycle control system includes intracellular regulatory molecules and external triggers. They provide "stop" or "advance" signals and operate at specific cell cycle stages termed checkpoints to ensure that a particular process is completed before the cell advances to the next phase.
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The Cell Cycle Control System02:11

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The cell cycle is an organized set of events that leads the cell to divide into two daughter cells, each containing chromosomes identical to the parent cell. It is the cell cycle that leads to the formation of an entire organism from a single-cell zygote. Besides, cell division also functions in the renewal or repair of tissues in adult multicellular eukaryotes. For example, in the bone marrow, the stem cells divide to form new blood cells. Although essential for several functions, cell...
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Cells Coordinate Growth and Proliferation02:36

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Cell size is a significant factor impacting cellular design, function, and fitness. There exists some internal coordination by which cells double their masses before division, thus, achieving homeostasis. Coordination between cell growth and proliferation depends on the checkpoints in between cell cycle phases. Loss of coordination or failure in the checkpoint mechanism can drive the cell to uncontrolled growth and loss of cellular function. Like dividing cells that coordinate cellular growth,...
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Morphogenesis02:19

Morphogenesis

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Plant morphogenesis—the development of a plant’s form and structure—involves several overlapping developmental processes, including growth and cell differentiation. Precursor cells differentiate into specific cell types, which are organized into the tissues and organ systems that make up the functional plant.
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The Phragmoplast01:59

The Phragmoplast

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Cell division is essential for organismal growth and development. In animal cells, the central spindle and its associated proteins form the midbody, a structure that has an essential role in cytokinesis. In plants, the central spindle, along with the microtubules, actin, and other cell components, matures into the phragmoplast, which is necessary for cytokinesis. Unlike the stationary midbody, the phragmoplast expands centrifugally, eventually leading to the formation of the new cell wall.
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Determining the Plane of Cell Division02:13

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Positioning the cell division plane is a critical step during development and cell differentiation, particularly during mitosis when the plane is essential for determining the size of the two daughter cells. The cell division plane is perpendicular to the plane of chromosome segregation, but different types of organisms have different cell division mechanisms to suit their morphology and function. 
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Updated: Nov 8, 2025

Kinematic Analysis of Cell Division and Expansion: Quantifying the Cellular Basis of Growth and Sampling Developmental Zones in Zea mays Leaves
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The cell cycle in plant development.

Dennis Francis1

  • 1School of Pure and Applied Biology, University of Wales College of Cardiff, P.O. Box 915, Cardiff CF1 3TL, UK.

The New Phytologist
|April 20, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This review explores molecular cell cycle controls in plants, highlighting universal mechanisms in yeast and their application to plant development. It examines cell cycle regulation in meristems, stress effects, and in vitro systems.

Keywords:
Cell divisionDNA replicationdevelopmentmeristemsprotein kinases

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Area of Science:

  • Plant Biology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • The cell cycle is fundamental to plant development.
  • Understanding molecular controls is key to plant growth and reproduction.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review molecular cell cycle controls in higher plants.
  • To link cell cycle mechanisms to plant development, meristems, and stress responses.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of current cell cycle models from yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Schizosaccharomyces pombe).
  • Assessment of cell cycle regulation in plant meristems (root and shoot apex).
  • Consideration of environmental stress and in vitro cell culture effects.

Main Results:

  • Universal cell cycle mechanisms involving protein kinases and dephosphorylating enzymes are conserved across species.
  • The G1 to S phase transition is critical for plant meristems.
  • Plant stress responses involve cell cycle alterations, notably G1 phase prolongation.

Conclusions:

  • Yeast cell cycle models provide a basis for understanding plant cell cycles.
  • Cell cycle regulation in meristems is crucial for plant development and regeneration.
  • Environmental factors significantly impact plant cell cycle progression and stress tolerance.