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Related Concept Videos

Drugs Used in Upper Respiratory Disorders: Overview01:16

Drugs Used in Upper Respiratory Disorders: Overview

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Upper respiratory tract disorders, including viral infections and allergic rhinitis, cause significant discomfort and disrupt daily life. Managing these conditions involves a variety of drugs, such as antihistamines, intranasal steroids, decongestants, antitussives, expectorants, and mucolytics. Specific examples of drugs in each category are provided.
Antihistamines (e.g., Benadryl) block histamines from binding. Histamines are chemicals released during an allergic reaction in the body. As a...
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RNA viruses are categorized into positive-strand, negative-strand, or double-stranded groups based on their genomic structure and replication mechanisms. This classification dictates how they exploit host cellular machinery for protein synthesis and replication. Some RNA viruses also utilize reverse transcription as part of their life cycle, further diversifying their replication strategies.Positive-Strand RNA VirusesPositive-strand RNA viruses have genomes that function directly as messenger...
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Viral Recombination00:57

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Cells are sometimes infected by more than one virus at once. When two viruses disassemble to expose their genomes for replication in the same cell, similar regions of their genomes can pair together and exchange sequences in a process called recombination. Alternatively, viruses with segmented genomes can swap segments in a process called reassortment.
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Respiratory mucus as a virus-host range determinant.

Louisa E Wallace1, Mengying Liu1, Frank J M van Kuppeveld1

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Respiratory viruses must penetrate mucus to infect hosts. Understanding mucus

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Area of Science:

  • Virology and Immunology
  • Host-Pathogen Interactions
  • Glycobiology

Background:

  • Respiratory viruses must overcome the mucus layer, a primary defense mechanism, to establish infection.
  • Mucus, composed of mucins, contains glycans that serve as binding sites for many respiratory viruses.
  • Viruses like influenza, paramyxoviruses, and coronaviruses possess enzymes to degrade these glycan receptors, facilitating escape from mucus.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of the mucus layer as a determinant of viral host range.
  • To explore the balance between viral glycan receptor binding and destruction in relation to host receptor availability.
  • To understand how adaptation to novel host glycan repertoires influences viral zoonotic potential.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of viral interactions with host-specific mucosal glycosylation patterns.
  • Characterization of viral enzyme activity in glycan receptor degradation.
  • Comparative studies of viral entry and replication across different host species.

Main Results:

  • Efficient mucus penetration requires a balance between viral binding to and destruction of host glycan receptors.
  • Adaptation to a new host species necessitates adjustments in this balance to match the novel glycan repertoire.
  • Species-specific glycosylation patterns significantly influence viral host range and zoonotic transmission barriers.

Conclusions:

  • The mucus layer acts as a critical barrier and determinant for respiratory virus host tropism.
  • Viral strategies for navigating the mucus layer are key to successful infection and cross-species transmission.
  • Understanding mucosal-viral dynamics offers insights into controlling zoonotic viral diseases.