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Global Climate Change01:50

Global Climate Change

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Throughout its ~4.5 billion year history, the Earth has experienced periods of warming and cooling. However, the current drastic increase in global temperatures is well outside of the Earth’s cyclic norms, and evidence for human-caused global climate change is compelling. Paleoclimatology, the study of ancient climate conditions, provides ample evidence for human-caused global climate change by comparing recent conditions with those in the past.
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Climate refers to the prevailing weather conditions in a specific area over an extended period. As the saying goes, “Climate is what you expect. Weather is what you get.” Climate is influenced by geographic factors, such as latitude, terrain, and proximity to bodies of water.
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Flood risk assessment involves careful planning and analysis to ensure the safety of communities near water retention structures. Capacity contours are a vital tool in this process, as they illustrate the potential spread of water at specific levels in a given area. In the context of building a bund across a small valley, these contours play a critical role in evaluating the safety of nearby residential areas.In this example, the bund is intended to store stormwater in the valley. The engineers...
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There have been five major extinction events throughout geological history, resulting in the elimination of biodiversity, followed by a rebound of species that adapted to the new conditions. In the current geological epoch, the Holocene, there is a sixth extinction event in progress. This mass extinction has been attributed to human activities and is thus provisionally called the Anthropocene. In 2019 the human population reached 7.7 billion people and is projected to comprise 10 billion by...
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Positive and Negative Feedback Loops01:18

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Animal organs and organ systems constantly adjust to internal and external changes through a process called homeostasis ("steady state"). Examples of these changes include regulation of the level of glucose or calcium in the blood or internal responses to external temperatures. Homeostasis requires  maintaining an internal dynamic equilibrium:
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 8, 2025

Using Generative Art to Convey Past and Future Climate Transitions
06:10

Using Generative Art to Convey Past and Future Climate Transitions

Published on: March 31, 2023

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Overshooting tipping point thresholds in a changing climate.

Paul D L Ritchie1, Joseph J Clarke2, Peter M Cox2

  • 1College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK. Paul.Ritchie@exeter.ac.uk.

Nature
|April 22, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Human activities may not inevitably cause irreversible climate tipping points. Even if warming thresholds are temporarily exceeded, slow-onset tipping elements might not change state if the overshoot is brief.

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Area of Science:

  • Earth System Science
  • Climate Science
  • Palaeoclimatology

Background:

  • Earth's climate system contains tipping points, critical thresholds that can lead to irreversible changes.
  • Rising greenhouse gas concentrations from human activities pose a risk of triggering these tipping points.
  • Previous research suggested low warming thresholds for tipping elements like ice sheets, implying inevitable impacts.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To reassess the assumption that exceeding climate tipping point thresholds leads to unavoidable irreversible changes.
  • To investigate the role of timescales in the response of tipping elements to temporary warming overshoots.
  • To evaluate the risk of triggering tipping events under future climate change scenarios.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized recently developed theory on tipping points and system state changes.
  • Employed transparently simple models of tipping elements with defined thresholds.
  • Simulated global warming trajectories that peak and then stabilize at 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels.

Main Results:

  • Demonstrated that temporarily exceeding a tipping point threshold does not necessarily cause a permanent shift in system state.
  • Showed that the duration of the overshoot, relative to the tipping element's timescale, is crucial.
  • Identified that slow-onset tipping elements may be more resilient to short-term warming overshoots.

Conclusions:

  • The assumption of inevitable tipping events upon threshold exceedance may be flawed, particularly for slow-onset elements.
  • Accounting for the timescales of tipping elements and warming overshoots is essential for accurate risk assessment.
  • Future climate change risk assessment must consider the dynamics of temporary threshold exceedances.