[Spatiotemporal Variations in Fine Particulate Matter and the Impact of Air Quality Control in Zhengzhou]

To study the spatiotemporal variations in fine particulate matter (PM_2.5) and the impact of air quality management in autumn and winter in Zhengzhou, five sites were selected to collect PM_2.5 samples from the autumn of 2017 to the winter of 2018, and the characteristics of the chemical components were analyzed. The positive matrix factorization (PMF) model was also applied to identify the sources of PM_2.5, and the effect of air quality control was evaluated to provide support for air quality control in autumn and winter in the next stage. The PM_2.5 concentrations in the four seasons in Zhengzhou were ranked as winter > autumn > spring > summer. The PM_2.5 concentration at Zhengzhou University (ZZU) was the highest (8.7% higher than the average concentration), and the PM_2.5 concentrations at the other sites were slightly lower than the average concentration. The concentration of water-soluble ions (WSIs) was low in spring and summer and high in autumn and winter. The average proportions of SO₄^2-, NO₃^-, and NH₄⁺ in the nine WSIs were as high as 22.5%, 43.6%, and 23.4%, respectively. The proportion of Cl^- in winter was higher than that in the other seasons owing to coal combustion (6.7% and 6.6% in 2017 and 2018, respectively). Owing to wind and sand, the proportions of Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ in spring were the highest (4.4% and 0.4%, respectively), and those at the Jiancezhan (JCZ) and ZZU sites were higher than those at the other sites. K⁺, as a marker of biomass burning, had a higher proportion in spring, autumn, and winter. The proportion of K⁺ in the spring of 2018 was 1.9%, those in the autumn and winter of 2017 were 1.6% and 2.1%, respectively, and those in the autumn and winter of 2018 were 1.3% and 1.8%, respectively. JCZ, Hangkonggang (HKG), and Xinmi (XM) had higher proportions of NO₃^-, and the proportions of SO₄^2- were lower. Secondary organic carbon (SOC) pollution was serious in autumn and winter, and the concentration accounted for more than half of the organic carbon (OC). In 2018, the SOC/OC at the JCZ and ZZU sites decreased compared with that in 2017, but that at the other three sites increased significantly, thereby indicating that different air pollutant emissions in these regions had different performances in response to control policies. The chemical composition reconstruction results showed that the proportion of sulfate was highest in summer (25.0%), the contribution of nitrate was higher in autumn (23.1% and 25.1% for 2017 and 2018, respectively) and winter (20.6% and 23.0% for 2017 and 2018, respectively), the proportion of crustal material was higher in spring (18.2%), and the contribution of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) was the highest in winter (14.1% and 20.5% for 2017 and 2018, respectively). SOA had higher contributions at the JCZ and HKG sites (16.9% and 16.4%, respectively), and ZZU was affected more by primary organic aerosol (14.3%) and crustal materials (12.1%). The PMF results showed that secondary inorganic salts (37.5%), SOA (15.4%), traffic (14.9%), industry (4.8%), coal combustion (16.0%), fugitive dust (6.5%), and biomass burning (2.8%) were the main pollution sources of PM_2.5 in Zhengzhou. SOA and coal combustion contributed more in winter and fugitive dust contributed more in spring, followed by autumn. Biomass burning contributed more in spring and autumn. The urban sites JCZ and ZZU and the characteristic site HKG near the airport were more affected by traffic sources (16.9%, 16.2%, and 16.0%, respectively) than the other sites. The impact of biomass burning on the non-urban sites XM and HKG was slightly larger (both 2.7%), and the contribution of coal combustion to the suburban site XM was higher (16.8%). Owing to the construction around ZZU, the loading of fugitive dust at ZZU was higher than that at other sites. Comparing the results of the two-year autumn and winter, the contribution of SOA, traffic, and industry increased in the autumn and winter of 2018, whereas the contribution of secondary inorganic salts, coal combustion, and biomass burning decreased and the contribution of fugitive dust in winter also decreased. The results showed that the control strategies in autumn and winter had significant effects on the primary sources, including fugitive dust, coal combustion, and industry, and SOA precursor volatile organic compounds should be targeted for further pollution control.