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Updated: Nov 8, 2025

A Protocol for Measuring Cue Reactivity in a Rat Model of Cocaine Use Disorder

A Protocol for Measuring Cue Reactivity in a Rat Model of Cocaine Use Disorder

Published on: June 18, 2018

Rodent models for nicotine withdrawal.

Ranjithkumar Chellian¹, Azin Behnood-Rod¹, Dawn M Bruijnzeel¹

¹Department of Psychiatry, University of Florida, Gainesville, USA.

Journal of Psychopharmacology (Oxford, England)

|April 23, 2021

Summary

Rodent models reveal nicotine withdrawal symptoms similar to humans, with effects most pronounced in the first week. Adolescent and female rodents show milder withdrawal, and cessation drugs like bupropion and varenicline can reduce symptoms.

Keywords:

Nicotine dependence e-cigarettes mecamylamine precipitated smoke smoking cessation spontaneous tobacco vapor withdrawal

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Last Updated: Nov 8, 2025

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Spectral Confocal Imaging of Fluorescently tagged Nicotinic Receptors in Knock-in Mice with Chronic Nicotine Administration

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Published on: February 10, 2012

Area of Science:

Neuroscience
Pharmacology
Addiction Research

Background:

Animal models are crucial for understanding nicotine withdrawal mechanisms.
Rodent models of nicotine dependence include injections, infusion, smoke, vapor, and e-cigarette aerosol exposure.
The temporal profile of withdrawal symptoms across these models is not well-documented.

Purpose of the Study:

To review nicotine withdrawal symptoms following cessation of various nicotine exposure methods in rodents.
To examine age and sex differences in nicotine withdrawal.
To identify potential therapeutic interventions for nicotine withdrawal.

Main Methods:

Literature review of studies on nicotine withdrawal in rats and mice.
Analysis of withdrawal symptoms across different nicotine administration routes (injections, smoke, vapor, e-cigarettes).
Comparison of withdrawal severity based on age and sex.

Main Results:

Nicotine cessation causes somatic, behavioral (anxiety, depression), cognitive (learning, attention), and sensory (hyperalgesia) withdrawal symptoms.
Symptoms peak within the first week, with some persisting for months.
Adolescent and female rodents exhibit less severe withdrawal than adults and males, respectively. Bupropion and varenicline alleviate symptoms.

Conclusions:

Rodent nicotine withdrawal symptoms mirror human experiences.
Tobacco smoke and e-cigarette aerosols may have unique effects due to additives.
Developing more accurate animal models for tobacco and e-cigarette dependence is essential.