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Rainbow Nambu-Goldstone Modes under a Shear Flow.

Yuki Minami1, Hiroyoshi Nakano2, Yoshimasa Hidaka3,4,5

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Physical Review Letters
|April 23, 2021
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

We investigated an O(N) scalar model under shear flow, discovering that Nambu-Goldstone modes split into infinite "rainbow" modes with fractional dispersion relations, unlike equilibrium states.

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Area of Science:

  • Theoretical physics
  • Condensed matter physics
  • Quantum field theory

Background:

  • Spontaneous symmetry breaking (SSB) in physical systems leads to emergent phenomena.
  • Nambu-Goldstone modes are characteristic excitations in systems with SSB.
  • Understanding non-equilibrium dynamics is crucial for modern physics.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the behavior of Nambu-Goldstone modes in an O(N) scalar model subjected to shear flow.
  • To characterize the novel gapless modes arising from spontaneous symmetry breaking under non-equilibrium conditions.
  • To explore the unique dispersion relations of these modes.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of an O(N) scalar model.
  • Application of shear flow to the model.
  • Identification and characterization of Nambu-Goldstone modes and their transformations.
  • Derivation of the dispersion relation for the emergent modes.

Main Results:

  • The single Nambu-Goldstone mode associated with O(N)→O(N-1) symmetry breaking splits into an infinite number of gapless modes.
  • These novel modes are termed
  • rainbow Nambu-Goldstone modes.
  • The rainbow Nambu-Goldstone modes exhibit distinct group velocities.
  • A fractional dispersion relation of ω∼k_{1}^{2/3} was identified, where k_{1} is the wave number along the flow.

Conclusions:

  • Shear flow in an O(N) scalar model induces unique non-equilibrium phenomena.
  • The emergent rainbow Nambu-Goldstone modes possess properties not observed in equilibrium systems.
  • This study reveals new insights into symmetry breaking and excitation dynamics in driven systems.