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Related Concept Videos

Radical Autoxidation01:20

Radical Autoxidation

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The oxidation of an organic compound in the presence of air or oxygen is called autoxidation. For example, cumene reacts with oxygen to form hydroperoxide. Autoxidation involves initiation, propagation, and termination steps. Many organic compounds are susceptible to autoxidation—especially ethers in the presence of oxygen, which form hydroperoxides. Even though this reaction is slow, old ether bottles contain small amounts of peroxide, which leads to laboratory explosions during ether...
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Phase I Reactions: Oxidation of Aliphatic and Aromatic Carbon-Containing Systems01:19

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Phase I biotransformation reactions are integral to drug metabolism, predominantly involving oxidative, reductive, and hydrolytic transformations. Chief among these are oxidative reactions, which enhance the hydrophilicity of xenobiotics and introduce polar functional groups to facilitate their elimination from the body.
Oxidation reactions are fundamental in aromatic carbon-containing systems. An example is the hydroxylation of phenobarbital, a process that transforms it into...
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Oxidations of Aldehydes and Ketones to Carboxylic Acids01:15

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Oxidation of aldehydes and ketones results in the formation of carboxylic acids. Aldehydes, bearing hydrogen next to the carbonyl group, are easily oxidized compared to ketones. This is because an aldehydic proton can easily be abstracted during oxidation.
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Oxidation of Phenols to Quinones01:17

Oxidation of Phenols to Quinones

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In the presence of oxidizing agents, phenols are oxidized to quinones. Quinones can be easily reduced back to phenols using mild reducing agents. The electron-donating hydroxyl group enhances the reactivity of the aromatic ring, enabling oxidation of the ring even in the absence of an α hydrogen.
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Phase I Oxidative Reactions: Overview01:19

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Phase I biotransformation, or functionalization, is a crucial chemical process that converts drugs and other xenobiotics into more water-soluble forms, facilitating expulsion from the body. It involves oxidative, reductive, and hydrolytic reactions that add or unveil polar functional groups on lipophilic substrates. Key players in phase I reactions are the mixed-function oxidases. Situated in liver cell microsomes, these enzymes predominantly carry out drug metabolism. They require molecular...
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Loss of Carboxy Group as CO2: Decarboxylation of β-Ketoacids01:02

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Carboxylic acids, upon heating, undergo a decarboxylation reaction by releasing carbon dioxide gas. Monocarboxylic acids do not undergo decarboxylation easily. However, a silver salt of carboxylic acid reacts with bromine or iodine under high temperature to release carbon dioxide gas and forms halide with one less carbon. This reaction is called the Hunsdiecker reaction.
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Oxidized β-Carotene Is a Novel Phytochemical Immune Modulator That Supports Animal Health and Performance for Antibiotic-Free Production.

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β-Carotene oxidation products - Function and safety.

Graham W Burton1, Trevor J Mogg1, William W Riley2

  • 1Avivagen Inc., 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, Ontario, K1A 0R6, Canada.

Food and Chemical Toxicology : an International Journal Published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association
|April 23, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Synthetic oxidized beta-carotene (OxBC) shows bioactivity and is safe for livestock and humans. Its consumption at levels comparable to natural OxBC, found in plants, poses no significant health risks.

Keywords:
Dietary intakeFully oxidized β-caroteneGenotoxicityLivestock and human safetyNatural occurrenceβ-Carotene oxidation products

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Toxicology
  • Animal Nutrition

Background:

  • Oxidized beta-carotene (OxBC) products exhibit novel bioactivity in biological systems.
  • Synthetic OxBC is being explored for livestock health support and potential human applications.
  • Natural OxBC is present in various plant-based foods and forages.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the safety of synthetic OxBC for consumption.
  • To compare estimated human and livestock exposure to natural and synthetic OxBC.
  • To determine the safety of synthetic OxBC at levels comparable to natural sources.

Main Methods:

  • Ames test for mutagenicity assessment.
  • Mouse micronucleus assay to establish non-toxic doses.
  • Estimation of natural and synthetic OxBC intake in humans and livestock.

Main Results:

  • The Ames test indicated weak-to-moderate mutagenicity in one cell line at high concentrations.
  • A mouse micronucleus assay identified a non-toxic dose of 1800 mg/kg body weight with no induced bone marrow micronuclei.
  • Estimated human and livestock intakes of OxBC, both natural and synthetic, were found to be comparable to safe levels.

Conclusions:

  • Synthetic OxBC demonstrates safety for both human and animal consumption.
  • Consumption of synthetic OxBC at levels mirroring natural OxBC exposure is deemed safe.
  • The findings support the use of synthetic OxBC in livestock feed and potential human dietary applications.