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Bioavailability studies are essential for evaluating a drug's therapeutic efficacy and understanding its absorption patterns under various physiological conditions. Conducting such studies on target patient populations provides more relevant data by simulating real-world disease states. However, practical challenges often necessitate the use of young, healthy adult volunteers as study subjects.Patients may exhibit altered drug absorption patterns due to the effects of the disease itself,...
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Unity in diversity: A systematic review on the GHB using population.

B A G Dijkstra1, H Beurmanjer2, A E Goudriaan3

  • 1Nijmegen Institute for Scientist-Practitioner in Addiction (NISPA), Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Radboudumc, Department of Psychiatry, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Novadic-Kentron Addiction Treatment Center, Vught, the Netherlands.

The International Journal on Drug Policy
|April 23, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) use spans recreational users to those with dependence. Interventions should target preventing transition to GHB use and reducing harm among regular users.

Keywords:
AddictionGHBGHB dependenceGHB use sub-populationsGamma-hydroxybutyric acidRecreational GHB useSystematic review

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Psychiatry
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) is a popular drug with euphoric and relaxing effects, leading to high potential for abuse.
  • Understanding diverse GHB-using populations is crucial for developing effective prevention and treatment strategies.
  • Systematic review to analyze demographic, usage, psychosocial, and psychiatric aspects of GHB users.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To systematically review and categorize different populations using gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB).
  • To compare demographic characteristics, GHB use patterns, psychosocial factors, and psychiatric comorbidities across these populations.
  • To inform the development of targeted prevention and treatment policies for GHB use.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic literature review adhering to PRISMA guidelines.
  • Inclusion of original studies on GHB use published between January 1997 and October 2019.
  • Analysis of 51 unique studies, with most participants drawn from emergency departments, the general population, or addiction care settings.

Main Results:

  • Three primary GHB-using sub-populations identified: recreational users without adverse effects, recreational users with adverse effects, and GHB-dependent individuals.
  • Significant overlap observed in gender, age, comorbid substance use, and amount of GHB used per occasion across groups.
  • Key differences noted in frequency and function of GHB use, history of comas, work status, and psychiatric comorbidities.

Conclusions:

  • Policy interventions should focus on preventing the initial transition to GHB use, as most users have prior recreational substance experience.
  • For regular GHB users, interventions must aim to reduce usage levels and mitigate associated harms.
  • Further longitudinal and population-based studies are needed to understand GHB use dynamics and the progression to dependence.