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Related Concept Videos

Transcription Factors02:16

Transcription Factors

80.2K
Tissue-specific transcription factors contribute to diverse cellular functions in mammals. For example, the gene for beta globin, a major component of hemoglobin, is present in all cells of the body. However, it is only expressed in red blood cells because the transcription factors that can bind to the promoter sequences of the beta globin gene are only expressed in these cells. Tissue-specific transcription factors also ensure that mutations in these factors may impair only the function of...
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General Transcription Factors01:30

General Transcription Factors

6.2K
Tissue-specific transcription factors contribute to diverse cellular functions in mammals. For example, the gene for beta globin, a major component of hemoglobin, is present in all cells of the body. However, it is only expressed in red blood cells because the transcription factors that can bind to the promoter sequences of the beta globin gene are only expressed in these cells. Tissue-specific transcription factors also ensure that mutations in these factors may impair only the function of...
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RNA Polymerase II Accessory Proteins02:36

RNA Polymerase II Accessory Proteins

10.1K
Proteins that regulate transcription can do so either via direct contact with RNA Polymerase or through indirect interactions facilitated by adaptors, mediators, histone-modifying proteins, and nucleosome remodelers. Direct interactions to activate transcription is seen in bacteria as well as in some eukaryotic genes. In these cases, upstream activation sequences are adjacent to the promoters, and the activator proteins interact directly with the transcriptional machinery. For example, in...
10.1K
Transcription Elongation Factors02:35

Transcription Elongation Factors

12.0K
Transcription elongation is a dynamic process that alters depending upon the sequence heterogeneity of the DNA being transcribed. Hence, it is not surprising that the elongation complex's composition also varies along the way while transcribing a gene.
The transcription elongation is regulated via pausing of RNA polymerase on several occasions during transcription. In bacteria, these halts are necessary because the transcription of DNA into mRNA is coupled to the translation of that mRNA...
12.0K
Transcription Elongation Factors02:35

Transcription Elongation Factors

4.2K
4.2K
Co-activators and Co-repressors02:04

Co-activators and Co-repressors

8.0K
Gene transcription is regulated by the synergistic action of several proteins that form a complex at a gene regulatory site. This is observed in eukaryotes, where the regulation of gene expression is a complex process. Regulatory proteins in eukaryotes can broadly be classified into two types – regulators that bind directly to specific DNA sequences and co-regulators that associate with regulatory proteins but cannot directly bind to the DNA. These co-regulators are further divided into...
8.0K

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 8, 2025

Real-time Analysis of Transcription Factor Binding, Transcription, Translation, and Turnover to Display Global Events During Cellular Activation
12:54

Real-time Analysis of Transcription Factor Binding, Transcription, Translation, and Turnover to Display Global Events During Cellular Activation

Published on: March 7, 2018

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Studying transcription factor function in the genome at molecular resolution.

Arnaud R Krebs1

  • 1European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Genome Biology Unit, Meyerhofstraße 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany.

Trends in Genetics : TIG
|April 24, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Single-molecule footprinting (SMF) reveals how transcription factors (TFs) interpret cis-regulatory elements (CREs) to control gene expression. Future single-molecule genomics (SMG) will further advance understanding of gene regulation mechanisms.

Keywords:
DNA footprintingchromatingene regulationsingle-molecule genomicstranscription factor

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Area of Science:

  • Genomics
  • Molecular Biology
  • Epigenetics

Background:

  • Cis-regulatory elements (CREs) constitute ~7% of the human genome, acting as regulatory switches for gene expression.
  • These elements are crucial for orchestrating complex transcriptional changes during organismal development.
  • Understanding how transcription factors (TFs) interpret CREs to generate gene expression patterns is a key challenge.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the contribution of single-molecule footprinting (SMF) to deciphering TF-DNA interactions.
  • To discuss the potential impact of single-molecule genomics (SMG) on understanding gene regulation.

Main Methods:

  • Single-molecule footprinting (SMF) provides high-resolution insights into TF binding at the individual DNA molecule level.
  • Review of current literature and future perspectives in single-molecule genomics (SMG).

Main Results:

  • SMF enables detailed mechanistic understanding of how regulatory genetic information is interpreted by TFs.
  • The resolution of SMF is critical for studying TF genome occupancy.

Conclusions:

  • SMF is a powerful technique for elucidating gene regulatory mechanisms at the single-molecule level.
  • Advancements in SMG hold significant promise for future discoveries in gene regulation.