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Ferromagnetism

Ferromagnetism

Materials like iron, nickel, and cobalt consist of magnetic domains, within which the magnetic dipoles are arranged parallel to each other. The magnetic dipoles are rigidly aligned in the same direction within a domain by quantum mechanical coupling among the atoms. This coupling is so strong that even thermal agitation at room temperature cannot break it. The result is that each domain has a net dipole moment. However, some materials have weaker coupling, and are ferromagnetic at lower...

Crystal Field Theory - Octahedral Complexes

Crystal Field Theory - Octahedral Complexes

Crystal Field Theory
To explain the observed behavior of transition metal complexes (such as colors), a model involving electrostatic interactions between the electrons from the ligands and the electrons in the unhybridized d orbitals of the central metal atom has been developed. This electrostatic model is crystal field theory (CFT). It helps to understand, interpret, and predict the colors, magnetic behavior, and some structures of coordination compounds of transition metals.
CFT focuses on...

Stereoisomerism

Stereoisomerism

Isomerism in Complexes
Isomers are different chemical species that have the same chemical formula.
Transition metal complexes often exist as geometric isomers, in which the same atoms are connected through the same types of bonds but with differences in their orientation in space. Coordination complexes with two different ligands in the cis and trans positions from a ligand of interest form isomers. For example, the octahedral [Co(NH3)4Cl2]+ ion has two isomers (Figure 1) In the cis...

Colors and Magnetism

Colors and Magnetism

Color in Coordination Complexes
When atoms or molecules absorb light at the proper frequency, their electrons are excited to higher-energy orbitals. For many main group atoms and molecules, the absorbed photons are in the ultraviolet range of the electromagnetic spectrum, which cannot be detected by the human eye. For coordination compounds, the energy difference between the d orbitals often allows photons in the visible range to be absorbed and emitted, which is seen as colors by the human...

Valence Bond Theory

Valence Bond Theory

Coordination compounds and complexes exhibit different colors, geometries, and magnetic behavior, depending on the metal atom/ion and ligands from which they are composed. In an attempt to explain the bonding and structure of coordination complexes, Linus Pauling proposed the valence bond theory, or VBT, using the concepts of hybridization and the overlapping of the atomic orbitals. According to VBT, the central metal atom or ion (Lewis acid) hybridizes to provide empty orbitals of suitable...

Induced Electric Dipoles

Induced Electric Dipoles

A permanent electric dipole orients itself along an external electric field. This rotation can be quantified by defining the potential energy because the external torque does work in rotating it. Then, the potential energy is minimum at the parallel configuration and maximum at the antiparallel configuration. While the former is a stable equilibrium, the latter is an unstable equilibrium.
Since the absolute value of potential energy holds no physical meaning, its zero value can be chosen as per...

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Updated: Nov 8, 2025

Measuring Magnetically-Tuned Ferroelectric Polarization in Liquid Crystals

Measuring Magnetically-Tuned Ferroelectric Polarization in Liquid Crystals

Published on: August 15, 2018

Ferroelectricity and multiferroicity in anti-Ruddlesden-Popper structures.

Maxime Markov¹, Louis Alaerts^1,2, Henrique Pereira Coutada Miranda¹

¹Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences, Université Catholique de Louvain, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

|April 24, 2021

Summary

Researchers discovered new hyperferroelectric materials with potential for combined magnetic and electric properties. These novel anti-Ruddlesden-Popper phases offer exciting possibilities for advanced materials science.

Keywords:

DFT ferroelectricity multiferroicity

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Last Updated: Nov 8, 2025

Measuring Magnetically-Tuned Ferroelectric Polarization in Liquid Crystals

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Published on: August 15, 2018

Visualizing Uniaxial-strain Manipulation of Antiferromagnetic Domains in Fe1+YTe Using a Spin-polarized Scanning Tunneling Microscope

Visualizing Uniaxial-strain Manipulation of Antiferromagnetic Domains in Fe1+YTe Using a Spin-polarized Scanning Tunneling Microscope

Published on: March 24, 2019

Bulk and Thin Film Synthesis of Compositionally Variant Entropy-stabilized Oxides

Bulk and Thin Film Synthesis of Compositionally Variant Entropy-stabilized Oxides

Published on: May 29, 2018

Area of Science:

Materials Science
Solid State Physics
Crystallography

Background:

Developing new ferroelectric materials is crucial for combining ferroelectricity with other properties like magnetism.
Existing ferroelectric material families have limitations in achieving multifunctional properties.

Purpose of the Study:

To identify novel ferroelectric materials with potential for multifunctional applications.
To explore new structural families exhibiting ferroelectric and antiferroelectric behaviors.

Main Methods:

High-throughput analysis of phonon band structures.
Identification of anti-Ruddlesden-Popper phases with the general formula [Formula: see text]O.
Investigation of polar distortion mechanisms driven by chemical strain.

Main Results:

Discovery of a new family of anti-Ruddlesden-Popper phases exhibiting ferroelectric and antiferroelectric properties.
Identification of hyperferroelectrics that polarize under open-circuit conditions.
Observation of coupled ferromagnetic and ferroelectric order at the same atomic site in [Formula: see text]O.

Conclusions:

The identified anti-Ruddlesden-Popper phases represent a new class of ferroelectric materials.
These materials, particularly [Formula: see text]O, show promise for applications requiring coupled magnetic and electric functionalities.
Geometric effects and internal chemical strains are key drivers for ferroelectricity in this structural family.