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Anthropological Prosociality via Sub-Group Level Selection.

Benjamin Heslop1, Kylie Bailey2, Elizabeth Stojanovski3

  • 1School of Medicine and Public Health, Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Callaghan Campus, University Drive, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia. benjamin.heslop@uon.edu.au.

Integrative Psychological & Behavioral Science
|April 24, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Sub-group level selection (sGLS) offers a novel explanation for human evolution, differentiating hominins from other primates. This mechanism, driven by social behavior in savannah ecologies, uniquely influenced early hominins leaving the forest.

Keywords:
AgonicEgalityEvolutionHedonicHierarchyProsocialReciprocity

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Area of Science:

  • Evolutionary Psychology
  • Primatology
  • Paleoanthropology

Background:

  • Explaining prosocial traits like fairness and compassion is a challenge in evolutionary psychology.
  • Existing theories insufficiently explain hominin divergence from the last common ancestor (LCA) shared with Pan.
  • Recent fossil evidence indicates the LCA was bipedal, weakening some current explanations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To propose a novel mechanism explaining the evolutionary divergence of hominins.
  • To identify a factor differentiating hominins from other primates.
  • To account for the development of human prosocial traits.

Main Methods:

  • Reviewing evolutionary theories and recent fossil discoveries.
  • Analyzing behavioral dimorphism in Pan (chimpanzees and bonobos).
  • Examining the social behavior of primate troops in savannah ecologies.
  • Hypothesizing a novel mechanism: sub-group level selection (sGLS).

Main Results:

  • No existing evolutionary mechanism adequately differentiates hominins from other primates.
  • Sub-group level selection (sGLS) is hypothesized as a key differentiating factor.
  • sGLS provided an exponential effect available to early hominins leaving forest environments.

Conclusions:

  • Sub-group level selection (sGLS) is presented as a singularly explanatory mechanism for human evolutionary uniqueness.
  • The mechanism is indirectly supported by various lines of evidence.
  • sGLS uniquely influenced hominin development in savannah ecologies.