Effects of Sulcus Vocalis Depth on Phonation in Three-Dimensional Fluid-Structure Interaction Laryngeal Models

Sulcus vocalis is an indentation parallel to the edge of vocal fold, which may extend into the cover and ligament layer of the vocal fold or deeper. The effects of sulcus vocalis depth d on phonation and the vocal cord vibrations are investigated in this study. The three-dimensional laryngeal models were established for healthy vocal folds (0 mm) and different types of sulcus vocalis with the typical depth of 1 mm, 2 mm, and 3 mm. These models with fluid-structure interaction (FSI) are computed numerically by sequential coupling method, which includes an immersed boundary method (IBM) for modelling the glottal airflow, a finite-element method (FEM) for modelling vocal fold tissue. The results show that a deeper sulcus vocalis in the cover layer decreases the vibrating frequency of vocal folds and expands the prephonatory glottal half-width which increases the phonation threshold pressure. The larger sulcus vocalis depth makes vocal folds difficult to vibrate and phonate. The effects of sulcus vocalis depth suggest that the feature such as phonation threshold pressure could assist in the detection of healthy vocal folds and different types of sulcus vocalis.