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Related Concept Videos

Infection01:20

Infection

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When a pathogen enters the body and reproduces, it can cause an infection, damage body cells, and cause illness symptoms that eventually lead to disease. Therefore, its prevention requires breaking the chain of infection.
The chain begins with pathogens: bacteria, viruses, fungi, prions, or parasites such as protozoa helminths. These can be present on the skin as transient or resident flora, or they can be acquired from the environment. Identifying and treating the type of infection and...
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Transmission-based Precautions I: Contact, Enteric, and Droplets01:17

Transmission-based Precautions I: Contact, Enteric, and Droplets

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Transmission-based precautions are for patients known to be infected or suspected to be infected or colonized with organisms that pose a significant risk to others. Some transmission-based precautions include contact, enteric, and droplet.
Contact Precautions:
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Antimicrobial Effectiveness01:28

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The effectiveness of antimicrobial agents depends on various factors influencing their ability to eliminate microbial populations. Larger microbial populations require more time for complete eradication, emphasizing the importance of population size analysis when evaluating antimicrobial efficacy.Microbial resistance to antimicrobial agents varies significantly. Highly resilient microorganisms include endospores, gram-negative bacteria, and non-enveloped viruses, while prions are exceptionally...
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Microorganisms in Medicine and Therapeutics01:29

Microorganisms in Medicine and Therapeutics

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Microorganisms play a fundamental role in vaccine development, gene therapy, and therapeutic production. Their biological properties are harnessed to advance medicine and public health. Beyond immunization, microorganisms contribute to gut health, antibiotic synthesis, and genetic disease treatment.Live Attenuated and Inactivated VaccinesLive attenuated vaccines, such as the measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine, utilize weakened forms of pathogens to closely resemble natural infections.
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Vaccinations01:51

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Overview
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Healthcare Associated Infections II: Preventive Measures01:22

Healthcare Associated Infections II: Preventive Measures

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Essential infection prevention measures are based on the knowledge of the infection chain, the modes of transmission in healthcare settings, and the use of the best practices in all healthcare settings. Compulsory public reporting of healthcare-associated infection rates is needed to allow individuals and the community to make informed choices regarding selecting a healthcare facility.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 8, 2025

Live Imaging and Quantification of Viral Infection in K18 hACE2 Transgenic Mice Using Reporter-Expressing Recombinant SARS-CoV-2
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Ivermectin & COVID-19: Let's keep a One Health perspective.

Saioa Domingo-Echaburu1, Gorka Orive2,3,4,5,6, Unax Lertxundi7

  • 1Pharmacy Service. Alto Deba-Integrated Health Care Organization, Arrasate, Gipuzkoa, Spain.

Sustainable Chemistry and Pharmacy
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Ivermectin use for COVID-19 lacks proven benefit and faces regulatory warnings. This study highlights the overlooked environmental risks of its human consumption, advocating for a One Health approach.

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Science
  • Public Health
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Ivermectin has been used for COVID-19 despite uncertain clinical benefits.
  • Regulatory bodies like the EMA advise against its use outside clinical trials.
  • Environmental impacts of ivermectin are known in veterinary medicine but understudied in human use.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight the potential ecotoxicological impact of human ivermectin use for COVID-19.
  • To advocate for the inclusion of environmental considerations in the One Health framework.
  • To emphasize the need to address environmental aspects in the context of ivermectin and COVID-19.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review on ivermectin use in COVID-19.
  • Analysis of environmental risks associated with ivermectin.
  • Discussion of One Health principles in relation to pharmaceutical use.

Main Results:

  • Ivermectin's efficacy for COVID-19 remains uncertain.
  • European Medicines Agency (EMA) recommends against its use for COVID-19 outside trials.
  • Potential ecotoxicological effects from human ivermectin consumption are largely unexamined.

Conclusions:

  • The human use of ivermectin for COVID-19 warrants scrutiny for environmental consequences.
  • Integrating One Health philosophy is crucial for a holistic approach to public health issues.
  • Environmental safety should be a key consideration alongside clinical efficacy for drugs like ivermectin.