Two complete mitochondrial genomes of Papilio butterflies obtained from historical specimens (Lepidoptera:...

Museum specimens are collected for education, exhibition, and various multiple scientific purposes. However, millions of specimens remain in their collection boxes for years without being analyzed. Historical specimens have been known to contain low-quality DNA; hence, it is difficult to utilize their sequence information in phylogenetic studies. However, recent advances in high-throughput sequencing (HTS) make these collections amenable to phylogenomic studies. In this study, two historical specimens (Papilio xuthus Linnaeus, 1767, and Papilio thoas Linnaeus, 1771) were sampled and DNA extracted for HTS via the Miseq platform. Two complete mitogenomes were assembled, even though the DNA quality of those specimens was highly fragmented, below 250 bp in length. The 37 genes of 60 mitogenomes were aligned and used for inferring the phylogenetic relationships of Papilioninae. These two newly sequenced mitogenomes are correctly grouped in the genus Papilio, and this result indicates that historical specimens show great potential for phylogenetic studies with HTS technology.