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Overlapping and dissociable brain activations for fluid intelligence and executive functions.

Emiliano Santarnecchi1, Davide Momi2,3, Lucia Mencarelli3

  • 1Berenson-Allen Center for Non-Invasive Brain Stimulation, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Department of Neurology, Unit of Cognitive Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA. esantarn@bidmc.harvard.edu.

Cognitive, Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience
|April 26, 2021
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Summary

This study quantitatively analyzed brain activity linking fluid intelligence (gf) and executive functions (EFs). Findings reveal significant neural overlap, particularly between gf and updating, suggesting targeted cognitive training strategies.

Keywords:
Cognitive enhancementExecutive functionsFluid intelligenceFunctional connectivityfMRI

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Neuroimaging

Background:

  • Cognitive enhancement interventions often target executive functions (EFs) like updating, inhibition, and switching to boost fluid intelligence (gf).
  • While psychometric links between EFs and gf are established, their shared neurofunctional underpinnings remain quantitatively uninvestigated.
  • Understanding this neural overlap is crucial for optimizing cognitive training and interventions aimed at enhancing higher-order cognition.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To quantitatively investigate the neurofunctional overlap between fluid intelligence (gf) and key executive functions (EFs) using meta-analysis.
  • To identify shared brain activation patterns between gf and specific EFs (updating, inhibition, switching).
  • To explore the implications of these findings for cognitive training and brain stimulation interventions.

Main Methods:

  • Quantitative meta-analysis of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and positron emission tomography (PET) studies on EFs and gf in humans.
  • Comparison of brain activation maps for gf with those of the overall EF network and individual EFs (updating, inhibition, switching).
  • Resting-state functional connectivity analysis on two independent fMRI datasets to assess behavioral correlations and anatomical overlap.

Main Results:

  • Significant neurofunctional overlap was found between gf and the global EF network, as well as specific maps for updating, inhibition, and switching.
  • Fluid intelligence (gf) showed the highest overlap with updating (80%), followed by inhibition (34%), and switching (17%).
  • Three key brain regions—left middle frontal gyrus, left inferior parietal lobule, and anterior cingulate cortex—were consistently activated for both gf and all three EFs. Resting-state connectivity analysis confirmed a strong link between updating and gf.

Conclusions:

  • A close neurofunctional relationship exists between fluid intelligence (gf) and executive functions (EFs), particularly updating.
  • The identified shared neural substrates provide specific targets for cognitive training and brain stimulation interventions.
  • These findings advance our understanding of the hierarchical organization of human higher-order cognition and cognitive transfer.