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Synthesis of new DNA molecules is carried out by the enzyme DNA polymerase, which adds nucleotides on the daughter strand complementary to the template DNA strand. DNA polymerase has a higher affinity to add the correct base and ensures fidelity during DNA replication. Furthermore,  it exhibits proofreading activity during replication, using an exonuclease domain that cuts off incorrect nucleotides from the nascent DNA strand.
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In statistics, several tools are used to interpret the data. Measures of central tendency represent the characteristics of the data, such as mean, median, and mode. Additionally, measures of variance like standard deviation and range are used to find the spread of data from the mean. Relative standing measures the distance between data locations. Commonly used measures of relative standings are percentile, z score, and quartiles.
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Updated: Nov 8, 2025

Scanning Skeletal Remains for Bone Mineral Density in Forensic Contexts
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Editorial Peer Reviewers as Shepherds, Rather Than Gatekeepers.

Joel D Boerckel1, Lilian I Plotkin2, Natalie A Sims3

  • 1Departments of Orthopaedic Surgery and Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.

Journal of Bone and Mineral Research : the Official Journal of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research
|April 26, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Peer review is vital for scientific integrity in bone and mineral research. Journals like JBMR are embracing transparency and collegiality, shifting reviewers from gatekeepers to partners to enhance research quality and impact.

Keywords:
CLINICAL STUDIESDISEASES AND DISORDERS OF/RELATED TO BONEPRACTICE/POLICY-RELATED ISSUESPRECLINICAL STUDIES

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Area of Science:

  • Scientific publishing
  • Bone and mineral research

Background:

  • Peer review is crucial for maintaining scientific integrity and rigor in academic publishing.
  • The landscape of scientific publishing is rapidly evolving with increased transparency.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To present a vision and philosophy for peer review in scientific publishing.
  • To emphasize the role of peer reviewers as active contributors to scientific discourse and collegiality.
  • To discuss the benefits and resources for peer reviewers and those in training.

Main Methods:

  • The perspective discusses new initiatives like transparent peer review and preprint servers.
  • It examines how these changes impact scientific publishing.
  • It outlines the response of JBMR (Journal of Bone and Mineral Research) to these changes.

Main Results:

  • Transparent publishing benefits authors, reviewers, and the scientific community.
  • New initiatives are reshaping scientific publishing.
  • JBMR is adapting to broaden the impact of musculoskeletal research.

Conclusions:

  • Shifting the perception of peer reviewers from gatekeepers to shepherds is essential.
  • Promoting access, transparency, and collegiality in scientific assessment enhances research quality, communication, and societal impact.