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Preparation and Reactions of Thiols02:33

Preparation and Reactions of Thiols

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Thiols are prepared using the hydrosulfide anion as a nucleophile in a nucleophilic substitution reaction with alkyl halides. For instance, bromobutane reacts with sodium hydrosulfide to give butanethiol.
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The Electron Transport Chain01:30

The Electron Transport Chain

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The electron transport chain or oxidative phosphorylation is an exothermic process in which free energy released during electron transfer reactions is coupled to ATP synthesis. This process is a significant source of energy in aerobic cells, and therefore inhibitors of the electron transport chain can be detrimental to the cell's metabolic processes.
Inhibitors of the electron transport chain
Rotenone, a widely used pesticide, prevents electron transfer from Fe-S cluster to ubiquinone or Q...
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Electron Transport Chain: Complex III and IV01:43

Electron Transport Chain: Complex III and IV

8.5K
During the electron transport chain, electrons from NADH and FADH2 are first transferred to complexes I and II, respectively. These two complexes then transfer the electrons to ubiquinol, which carries them further to complex III. Complex III passes the electrons across the intermembrane space to Cyt c, which carries them further to complex IV. Complex IV donates electrons to oxygen and reduces it to water. As electrons pass through complexes I, III, and IV, the energy released aids the pumping...
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Oxidation of Phenols to Quinones01:17

Oxidation of Phenols to Quinones

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In the presence of oxidizing agents, phenols are oxidized to quinones. Quinones can be easily reduced back to phenols using mild reducing agents. The electron-donating hydroxyl group enhances the reactivity of the aromatic ring, enabling oxidation of the ring even in the absence of an α hydrogen.
o-hydroxy phenols are oxidized to o-quinones and p-hydroxy phenols to p-quinones. Such redox reactions involve the transfer of two electrons and two protons. The reversible redox...
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Redox Titration: Other Oxidizing and Reducing Agents01:26

Redox Titration: Other Oxidizing and Reducing Agents

533
Besides iodine, other oxidizing or reducing agents can serve as titrants in redox titrations. Common oxidizing titrants include KMnO4, cerium(IV), and K2Cr2O7. The choice of oxidizing titrants depends on factors like stability, cost, analyte strength, and reaction rate between the analyte and titrant. KMnO4 is a strong oxidizing titrant that reduces from Mn(VII) to Mn(II) in a highly acidic solution, simultaneously oxidizing the analyte to a higher oxidation state. In this case, KMnO4 acts as a...
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EDTA: Auxiliary Complexing Reagents01:26

EDTA: Auxiliary Complexing Reagents

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EDTA titrations are usually carried out in highly basic conditions, where the fully deprotonated form of EDTA, Y4−, actively complexes with the free metal ions in the solution. Several metal ions precipitate as hydrous oxide (hydroxides, oxides, or oxyhydroxides) under these conditions, lowering the concentration of free metal ions in the solution. For this reason, auxiliary complexing agents or ligands such as ammonia, tartrate, citrate, or triethanolamine are used in EDTA titrations to...
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Intramolecular Oxo Atom Migration to the <i>cis</i> Thiolate Sulfur of an Fe-Oxo Intermediate.

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Updated: Nov 8, 2025

Detection of Nitric Oxide and Superoxide Radical Anion by Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Spectroscopy from Cells using Spin Traps
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Detection of Nitric Oxide and Superoxide Radical Anion by Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Spectroscopy from Cells using Spin Traps

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Superoxide Oxidation by a Thiolate-Ligated Iron Complex and Anion Inhibition.

Maksym A Dedushko1, Jessica H Pikul1, Julie A Kovacs1

  • 1The Department of Chemistry, University of Washington: Box 351700, Seattle, Washington 98195-1700, United States.

Inorganic Chemistry
|April 26, 2021
PubMed
Summary

This study reveals that oxidized thiolate-ligated iron complexes can oxidize superoxide (O2•-) to dioxygen (O2), challenging previous assumptions about superoxide reductase enzymes. This oxidation proceeds via a transient ferric-superoxo intermediate.

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Area of Science:

  • Bioinorganic Chemistry
  • Oxidation-Reduction Reactions
  • Enzyme Mechanisms

Background:

  • Superoxide (O2•-) is a toxic reactive oxygen species implicated in various human diseases.
  • Nonheme iron enzymes like superoxide reductase (SOR) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) detoxify superoxide.
  • Thiolate ligation in SOR was previously thought to prevent superoxide oxidation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the reactivity of oxidized thiolate-ligated iron complexes with superoxide.
  • To elucidate the mechanism of superoxide oxidation by these complexes.
  • To characterize transient intermediates involved in the reaction.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesis and characterization of a thiolate-ligated iron complex, [FeIII(SMe2N4(tren)(THF)]2+ (1-THF).
  • Spectroscopic studies (UV-Vis) at low temperatures (-130 °C) to detect transient intermediates.
  • Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations to analyze intermediate structures and electronic properties.

Main Results:

  • The oxidized complex 1-THF was found to oxidize superoxide (O2•-) to dioxygen (O2).
  • Coordinating anions (Cl-, OAc-) inhibited dioxygen evolution, suggesting an inner-sphere mechanism.
  • A transient ferric-superoxo intermediate ([FeIII(SMe2N4(tren))(O2)]+, 3) was detected and characterized, evolving O2 upon warming.

Conclusions:

  • Oxidized thiolate-ligated iron complexes can catalyze the oxidation of superoxide to dioxygen.
  • This challenges the proposed role of thiolate ligation in preventing superoxide oxidation in SOR.
  • The findings provide insights into the mechanistic pathways of reactive oxygen species detoxification and generation.