Stable to unstable differences in force-velocity-power profiling during chest presses and squats

Despite several studies investigating the effect of instability resistance exercises on neuromuscular performance, the force-velocity-power characteristics of muscles involved in lifting tasks and the underlying mechanisms have not been fully explored. This study investigates power-velocity and force-velocity relationships during resistance exercises performed on stable and unstable surfaces with different weights. A group of 63 physically active young men performed chest presses on the bench and Swiss ball, and squats on the firm surface and BOSU ball with weights from 20 kg to at least 85% of one-repetition maximum. Peak and/or mean values of power, velocity and force were analyzed. Results showed significantly lower peak power and force during chest presses on the Swiss ball as opposed to the bench at lower velocities (147.6 W and 176.0 N at 1.1 m·s^-1, 108.7 W and 126.4 N at 1.3 m·s^-1, 112.0 W and 72.7 N at 1.5 m·s^-1; all at p < 0.01). Their values produced at lower velocities were also significantly lower during squats on the BOSU ball when compared to the firm surface (232.2 W and 257.1 N at 1.1 m·s^-1, 228.2 W and 173.3 N at 1.2 m·s^-1, 245.1 W and 156.8 N at 1.3 m·s^-1, 254.5 W and 113.5 N at 1.4 m·s^-1; all at p < 0.05). These significant differences between power produced during stable and unstable resistance exercises at lower velocities (or at higher loads) have to be taken into account in sports that require production of a high force in a short time. Because of the variable loading patterns under unstable conditions, it is necessary to quantify the optimal exercise load for each individual athlete.