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Related Concept Videos

Crystal Growth: Principles of Crystallization01:25

Crystal Growth: Principles of Crystallization

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Crystallization is a phase transformation process in which crystals are precipitated from a supersaturated solution or formed from other sources. During crystallization, atoms or molecules arrange themselves into a well-defined, rigid crystal lattice to minimize energy.
Initiating crystallization involves manipulating the concentration of the solute and the temperature of the solution. Since crystal growth occurs when the ratio of concentration and solubility of the solute in the solvent...
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Recrystallization: Solid–Solution Equilibria01:10

Recrystallization: Solid–Solution Equilibria

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Recrystallization is a purification technique used to separate impurities from solid compounds. In this technique, no chemical reactions occur. Instead, it exploits physical properties only, specifically, the solubility differences between the desired compound and impurities, either at a single temperature or at different temperatures, and under other selected conditions. The solid-solution equilibrium (solubility equilibrium) of each component in the solution represents a binary phase...
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Precipitate Formation and Particle Size Control01:16

Precipitate Formation and Particle Size Control

2.6K
In precipitation gravimetry, the precipitating agent should react specifically or selectively with the analyte. While a specific reagent reacts with the analyte alone, a selective reagent can react with a limited number of chemical species.
The obtained precipitate should be either a pure substance of known composition or easily converted to one by a simple process, such as ignition or drying. In addition, the precipitate should be insoluble and easily filterable. In general, filterability...
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Types of Coprecipitation01:10

Types of Coprecipitation

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Coprecipitation is the contamination of a precipitate by otherwise soluble species and occurs via different processes. In colloidal precipitates, coprecipitation occurs via surface adsorption. For instance, barium sulfate has a primary layer of adsorbed barium ions and a secondary layer of nitrate counterions. This results in contamination of the precipitate by barium nitrate.
Sometimes, ions in a crystal lattice can undergo isomorphous replacement by inclusions of similar charge and size. For...
2.5K
Precipitation Processes01:12

Precipitation Processes

2.0K
The experimental conditions in a gravimetric analysis should be optimized to maximize the particle size and purity of the obtained precipitate. Ideally, the concentration of the precipitating reagent should be low with effective stirring to maintain low relative supersaturation for the growth of large crystals. In homogeneous precipitation, the precipitant is slowly generated by a chemical reaction in the solution to avoid local reagent excesses. For example, urea decomposes gradually to...
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Predicting Products: SN1 vs. SN202:27

Predicting Products: SN1 vs. SN2

14.6K
Nucleophilic substitution reactions of alkyl halides can proceed via an SN1 or an SN2 mechanism. While in SN2 reactions, the nucleophile attacks the substrate simultaneously as the leaving group departs, in SN1 reactions, the substrate first dissociates to give the carbocation intermediate. Various factors such as the structure of the substrate, the strength of the nucleophile, and the nature of the solvent promote one mechanism over the other.
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Updated: Nov 8, 2025

The Use of High-resolution Infrared Thermography HRIT for the Study of Ice Nucleation and Ice Propagation in Plants
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Active sites for ice nucleation differ depending on nucleation mode.

Mark A Holden1,2, James M Campbell1, Fiona C Meldrum3

  • 1School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, United Kingdom; mholden10@uclan.ac.uk jamesmatthewcampbell@gmail.com.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
|April 27, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Ice nucleation in clouds is critical for climate but poorly understood. Different pathways (immersion freezing vs. deposition) utilize distinct active sites on mineral dust particles, impacting cloud models.

Keywords:
active sitescrystallizationicenucleationpores

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Area of Science:

  • Atmospheric Chemistry
  • Climate Science
  • Mineral Physics

Background:

  • Ice nucleation in clouds is crucial for Earth's climate but remains poorly understood.
  • Nucleation occurs at active sites on airborne particles, with distinct pathways under varying conditions.
  • Two key pathways are immersion freezing (in supercooled droplets) and deposition (in supersaturated vapor).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To directly compare active sites for immersion freezing and deposition nucleation.
  • To determine if the same active sites are responsible for nucleation in both modes.
  • To elucidate the differing properties governing site activity in each nucleation pathway.

Main Methods:

  • Performed simultaneous immersion freezing and deposition experiments on identical mineral thin sections (feldspar and quartz).
  • Directly compared the specific active sites identified in each experimental mode.
  • Utilized pore condensation and freezing concepts to analyze site characteristics.

Main Results:

  • Nucleation is dominated by a limited number of active sites on both feldspar and quartz.
  • A significant lack of correlation was found between sites active in immersion freezing versus deposition.
  • Only 6 out of 73 immersion-active sites were also active for deposition nucleation across both minerals.

Conclusions:

  • Different properties dictate active site efficacy for immersion freezing and deposition nucleation.
  • Deposition nucleation sites likely require specific size and/or geometry, unlike immersion freezing sites.
  • Nucleation pathway dependence necessitates explicit consideration of nucleation mode in cloud modeling.