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An ionic compound is stable because of the electrostatic attraction between its positive and negative ions. The lattice energy of a compound is a measure of the strength of this attraction. The lattice energy (ΔHlattice) of an ionic compound is defined as the energy required to separate one mole of the solid into its component gaseous ions. For the ionic solid sodium chloride, the lattice energy is the enthalpy change of the process:
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Ionic crystals consist of two or more different kinds of ions that usually have different sizes. The packing of these ions into a crystal structure is more complex than the packing of metal atoms that are the same size.
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Ions are atoms or molecules bearing an electrical charge. A cation (a positive ion) forms when a neutral atom loses one or more electrons from its valence shell, and an anion (a negative ion) forms when a neutral atom gains one or more electrons in its valence shell. Compounds composed of ions are called ionic compounds (or salts), and their constituent ions are held together by ionic bonds: electrostatic forces of attraction between oppositely charged cations and anions. 
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Few compounds act as strong acids. A far greater number of compounds behave as weak acids and only partially react with water, leaving a large majority of dissolved molecules in their original form and generating a relatively small amount of hydronium ions. Weak acids are commonly encountered in nature, being the substances partly responsible for the tangy taste of citrus fruits, the stinging sensation of insect bites, and the unpleasant smells associated with body odor. A familiar example of a...
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Solid-state Graft Copolymer Electrolytes for Lithium Battery Applications
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Dislocations in ceramic electrolytes for solid-state Li batteries.

L Porz1, D Knez2,3, M Scherer4

  • 1FG Nichtmetallisch-Anorganische Werkstoffe, Department of Materials and Earth Sciences, Technical University of Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany. porz@ceramics.tu-darmstadt.de.

Scientific Reports
|April 27, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Introducing dislocations into solid-state Li batteries (SSLB) can prevent dendrite formation. This defect engineering approach enhances mechanical properties for high-rate lithium plating and battery performance.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Electrochemistry
  • Solid-State Physics

Background:

  • Solid-state Li batteries (SSLB) face performance limitations due to lithium dendrite formation at high current rates.
  • Current design principles are insufficient to mitigate dendrite-induced short circuits.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the introduction of dislocations into ceramic electrolytes to tailor mechanical properties.
  • To enable whisker-like Li metal electrodes for high-rate Li plating in SSLBs.
  • To understand the mechanics of dislocations in ceramic electrolytes for defect engineering.

Main Methods:

  • Uniaxial deformation at elevated temperatures was used to introduce dislocations.
  • Li6.4La3Zr1.4Ta0.6O12 garnets (hot-pressed pellets and Czochralski-grown single crystals) served as the model system.
  • Analysis included activation energy, activation volume, diffusion creep, and defect structure.

Main Results:

  • Demonstrated plastic deformation exceeding 10% in the model garnet system.
  • Identified a potential deformation mechanism involving dislocations, supported by analysis of key parameters.
  • Established parameters for a process window for dislocation introduction.

Conclusions:

  • Dislocation engineering shows promise for overcoming dendrite formation in high-power SSLBs.
  • Fundamental understanding of dislocation mechanics in ceramics is crucial for defect engineering.
  • This work represents a key step towards utilizing dislocations as a design element for advanced SSLBs.