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Related Concept Videos

Therapeutic Drug Monitoring: Affecting Factors01:29

Therapeutic Drug Monitoring: Affecting Factors

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Therapeutic Drug Monitoring (TDM) is the clinical practice of measuring specific drug levels in a patient's blood or body tissues to manage and optimize therapy. TDM is crucial for drugs with narrow therapeutic windows, like warfarin and phenytoin, where incorrect doses can lead to treatment failure or severe side effects. This monitoring ensures the dosage administered is within a safe and effective range. The factors affecting therapeutic drug monitoring include:Patient-Specific Factors:a.
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Therapeutic Drug Monitoring: Overview and Classification01:16

Therapeutic Drug Monitoring: Overview and Classification

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Therapeutic Drug Monitoring (TDM) is a clinical practice that measures specific drug levels in a patient's blood at designated intervals to ensure the drug concentration stays within a therapeutic range. This monitoring is crucial for optimizing individual dosage regimens, enhancing therapeutic efficacy, and minimizing drug-related toxicity. TDM is vital for drugs with narrow therapeutic windows, significant variability in pharmacokinetics, and a clear correlation between plasma levels and...
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Pharmacovigilance01:19

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Post-marketing surveillance is a critical component of pharmaceutical regulation, often uncovering unanticipated adverse drug reactions (ADRs) once a drug is widely used over an extended period.
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Measurement of Bioavailability: Pharmacodynamic Methods01:20

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Pharmacodynamic methods provide insights into a drug's effects on physiological processes over time and play a crucial role in understanding bioavailability and therapeutic efficacy. These methods can be broadly classified into acute pharmacological and therapeutic response approaches, each with distinct mechanisms and applications.The acute pharmacological response method directly correlates a drug's physiological effects, such as ECG or pupil diameter changes, to its time course in the body.
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Pharmacokinetics: Drug–Food and Drug–Viral Interactions01:26

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A drug interaction occurs when the concurrent use of another drug, food, or an external substance alters the pharmacological activity of a drug. This interaction can modify the action of the original drug, affecting its effectiveness and safety.Drug–food interactions are significant as they impact drug absorption, metabolism, and excretion. For example, grapefruit juice is a well-known disruptor of drug metabolism. It inhibits the cytochrome P450 3A4 enzyme, crucial for the metabolism of...
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Dosage Regimens: Partial Pharmacokinetic Parameters01:01

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It is not uncommon for complete drug pharmacokinetic profiles to remain elusive in pharmacokinetics. This necessitates certain educated assumptions by pharmacokineticists to determine appropriate dosage regimens without comprehensive pharmacokinetic data from animal or human studies. One prevalent assumption is setting the bioavailability factor, denoted as F, to 1 or 100%. This assumption caters to the scenario where a drug doesn't achieve full systemic absorption, resulting in the patient...
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Drug-utilisation profiles and COVID-19.

Valentina Orlando1,2, Enrico Coscioni3, Ilaria Guarino4

  • 1CIRFF, Center of Drug Utilisation and Pharmacoeconomics, University of Naples Federico II, 80131, Naples, Italy. valentina.orlando@unina.it.

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This study examined drug use in COVID-19 patients in Southern Italy, finding higher use of certain cardiovascular and metabolic drugs. Antihypertensive drug use was similar between COVID-19 and non-COVID-19 patients.

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Area of Science:

  • Pharmacology and Public Health
  • Infectious Disease Epidemiology

Background:

  • COVID-19 (Coronavirus Disease 2019) has significantly impacted global healthcare systems.
  • Understanding drug utilization patterns may reveal associations with COVID-19 susceptibility.
  • Investigating prescribing profiles can generate hypotheses regarding disease risk.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine the prevalence of drug utilization in COVID-19 patients compared to non-COVID-19 patients.
  • To explore potential links between specific drug classes and COVID-19 infection.
  • To analyze drug use based on the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical (ATC) classification system.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective drug utilization study utilizing healthcare database information.
  • Cohort included 1532 individuals who tested positive for COVID-19 in Campania, Southern Italy.
  • Drugs were classified using the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical (ATC) system.

Main Results:

  • Higher prevalence of drug use in ATC categories C01 (cardiac therapy), B01 (antithrombotics), and M04 (drugs for gout) observed in COVID-19 patients.
  • These higher rates are potentially linked to underlying cardiovascular and metabolic comorbidities.
  • No significant difference in the use of renin-angiotensin system acting drugs (e.g., antihypertensives) between COVID-19 and non-COVID-19 patients after adjustments.

Conclusions:

  • Specific drug utilization patterns, particularly for cardiovascular and metabolic conditions, may be associated with COVID-19.
  • Further case-control studies are necessary to elucidate the precise effects of medications and comorbidities on COVID-19 susceptibility and outcomes.