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Microorganisms play a fundamental role in vaccine development, gene therapy, and therapeutic production. Their biological properties are harnessed to advance medicine and public health. Beyond immunization, microorganisms contribute to gut health, antibiotic synthesis, and genetic disease treatment.Live Attenuated and Inactivated VaccinesLive attenuated vaccines, such as the measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine, utilize weakened forms of pathogens to closely resemble natural infections.
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There have been five major extinction events throughout geological history, resulting in the elimination of biodiversity, followed by a rebound of species that adapted to the new conditions. In the current geological epoch, the Holocene, there is a sixth extinction event in progress. This mass extinction has been attributed to human activities and is thus provisionally called the Anthropocene. In 2019 the human population reached 7.7 billion people and is projected to comprise 10 billion by...
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Microsporidia are a group of obligate intracellular fungi that were initially classified as protists but were later reclassified based on phylogenetic, molecular, and structural evidence linking them to the Chytridiomycota. These unicellular, non-motile organisms are highly specialized parasites that infect a wide range of animal hosts, including humans. They have evolved extensive genomic and metabolic reductions, making them highly dependent on their hosts for survival.Morphology and Genomic...
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Hitchhiking microbes: Declining biodiversity & emerging zoonoses.

Gurudas Nulkar1, Madhura Bedarkar2, Ketaki Ghate3

  • 1Symbiosis International University, Pune, Maharashtra, India.

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|April 28, 2021
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Conserving biodiversity and ecosystems is crucial for human wellbeing and preventing novel diseases. Changes in economic activities and inter-ministerial cooperation are vital for protecting biological diversity in India.

Keywords:
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Area of Science:

  • Ecology
  • Public Health
  • Conservation Biology

Background:

  • The link between nature conservation and human wellbeing is established, but the impact of declining biodiversity on emerging diseases is understudied.
  • Thriving biological diversity offers therapeutic benefits, while human economic activities accelerate species decline and degrade ecosystem health.
  • Microorganisms are increasingly known to transmit from animals to humans, causing novel zoonotic diseases.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review studies on zoonotic diseases and biodiversity, with a focus on examples from India.
  • To highlight the necessity of biodiversity conservation and ecosystem health for mitigating emerging diseases.
  • To emphasize the importance of economic activity reform and inter-ministerial cooperation in megadiverse countries like India.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies on zoonotic diseases and biodiversity.
  • Analysis of examples from India illustrating the biodiversity-disease nexus.
  • Synthesis of arguments for conservation and economic policy changes.

Main Results:

  • Human economic activities are a significant driver of biodiversity loss and ecosystem degradation.
  • Biodiversity decline facilitates the emergence and spread of zoonotic diseases.
  • Conservation efforts and policy changes are essential to prevent future pandemics.

Conclusions:

  • Conservation of biodiversity and ecosystems is paramount for safeguarding human health against emerging diseases.
  • Reforming economic activities and fostering inter-ministerial collaboration are critical for biodiversity protection in India.
  • Proactive measures are needed to restrict biological diversity decline and its associated health risks.