Shortwave infrared-absorbing squaraine dyes for all-organic optical upconversion devices

Shortwave infrared (SWIR) optical sensing and imaging are essential to an increasing number of next-generation applications in communications, process control or medical imaging. An all-organic SWIR upconversion device (OUC) consists of an organic SWIR sensitive photodetector (PD) and an organic light-emitting diode (OLED), connected in series. OUCs directly convert SWIR to visible photons, which potentially provides a low-cost alternative to the current inorganic compound-based SWIR imaging technology. For OUC applications, only few organic materials have been reported with peak absorption past 1000 nm and simultaneous small absorption in the visible. Here, we synthesized a series of thermally stable high-extinction coefficient donor-substituted benz[cd]indole-capped SWIR squaraine dyes. First, we coupled the phenyl-, carbazole-, and thienyl-substituted benz[cd]indoles with squaric acid (to obtain the SQ dye family). We then combined these donors with the dicyanomethylene-substituted squaraine acceptor unit, to obtain the dicyanomethylene-functionalized squaraine DCSQ family. In the solid state, the absorbance of all dyes extended considerably beyond 1100 nm. For the carbazole- and thienyl-substituted DCSQ dyes, even the peak absorptions in solution were in the SWIR, at 1008 nm and 1014 nm. We fabricated DCSQ PDs with an external photon-to-current efficiency over 30%. We then combined the PD with a fluorescent OLED and fabricated long-term stable OUCs with peak sensitivity at 1020 nm, extending to beyond 1200 nm. Our OUCs are characterized by a very low dark luminance (<10^-2 cd m^-2 at below 6 V) in the absence of SWIR light, and a low turn-on voltage of 2 V when SWIR light is present.