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Area of Science:

  • Fluid dynamics
  • Respiratory physiology
  • Cell biology

Background:

  • Human lung airway closure can occur due to two-phase flow instabilities.
  • The Plateau-Rayleigh instability can form liquid plugs, blocking airways and impairing gas exchange.
  • Airway closure generates high stress on the airway wall, where epithelial cells reside.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To model human lung airway closure using fluid dynamics.
  • To investigate the physical process of airway closure, including pre- and post-coalescence phases.
  • To quantify the stress on airway epithelial cells during closure and assess potential damage.

Main Methods:

  • A parametric numerical study was conducted.
  • Simulations modeled two-phase flow in a liquid-coated pipe under conditions relevant to human lungs.
  • The model captured the Plateau-Rayleigh instability and bi-frontal plug growth.

Main Results:

  • Simulations successfully modeled airway closure from pre- to post-coalescence.
  • The topological change during coalescence significantly increased stress and stress gradients on epithelial cells.
  • Post-coalescence wall stresses were found to be 300% to 600% higher than pre-coalescence values.

Conclusions:

  • Airway closure, particularly the post-coalescence phase, induces significant mechanical stress on airway epithelial cells.
  • These stresses are sufficient to cause sub-lethal or lethal cellular responses.
  • The study identifies post-coalescence stresses as a critical factor in airway epithelial cell damage.