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Bladder cancer in relation to cigarette smoking.
A Augustine1, J R Hebert, G C Kabat
1Division of Epidemiology, American Health Foundation, New York, New York 10017.
Cancer Research
|August 1, 1988
Summary
Smoking significantly increases bladder cancer risk, particularly with higher daily cigarette consumption and longer smoking duration in men. Quitting smoking reduces this risk for both sexes.
Area of Science:
- Epidemiology
- Oncology
- Public Health
Background:
- Smoking is a known risk factor for various cancers.
- Bladder cancer incidence and mortality rates highlight the need to understand contributing factors.
- The specific impact of smoking intensity and duration on bladder cancer risk requires further investigation.
Purpose of the Study:
- To examine the association between smoking-related variables and bladder cancer development.
- To quantify the risk of bladder cancer based on cigarettes per day and smoking duration.
- To investigate the impact of quitting smoking on bladder cancer risk.
Main Methods:
- A hospital-based case-control study.
- Involved 1316 male and 505 female bladder cancer cases and 3940 male and 1504 female controls.
- Data collected through interviews in 20 hospitals across 9 US cities (1969-1984).
Main Results:
- For men smoking over 20 cigarettes per day (cpd), odds ratios (ORs) for bladder cancer increased to approximately 2.5, with no further increase above 20 cpd.
- In men, ORs for smoking duration increased with longer exposure, reaching 2.31 for >40 years.
- In women, increasing cpd showed no significant effect, while ORs for duration increased to 1.62 for >40 years; ex-smokers showed reduced risk.
Conclusions:
- Findings support a significant association between smoking and bladder cancer.
- Risk increases with smoking intensity (cpd) and duration, particularly in men.
- Quitting smoking leads to a reduction in bladder cancer risk, with early decline observed.