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Related Concept Videos

Network Covalent Solids02:18

Network Covalent Solids

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Network covalent solids contain a three-dimensional network of covalently bonded atoms as found in the crystal structures of nonmetals like diamond, graphite, silicon, and some covalent compounds, such as silicon dioxide (sand) and silicon carbide (carborundum, the abrasive on sandpaper). Many minerals have networks of covalent bonds.
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Ionic crystals consist of two or more different kinds of ions that usually have different sizes. The packing of these ions into a crystal structure is more complex than the packing of metal atoms that are the same size.
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Metallic solids such as crystals of copper, aluminum, and iron are formed by metal atoms. The structure of metallic crystals is often described as a uniform distribution of atomic nuclei within a “sea” of delocalized electrons. The atoms within such a metallic solid are held together by a unique force known as metallic bonding that gives rise to many useful and varied bulk properties.
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The formation of a solution is an example of a spontaneous process, a process that occurs under specified conditions without energy from some external source.
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Crystalline solids are divided into four types: molecular, ionic, metallic, and covalent network based on the type of constituent units and their interparticle interactions.
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Updated: Nov 7, 2025

Microfluidic-based Synthesis of Covalent Organic Frameworks COFs: A Tool for Continuous Production of COF Fibers and Direct Printing on a Surface
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Microfluidic-based Synthesis of Covalent Organic Frameworks COFs: A Tool for Continuous Production of COF Fibers and Direct Printing on a Surface

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Two-Dimensional Covalent Organic Framework Solid Solutions.

Rebecca L Li1, Anna Yang1, Nathan C Flanders1

  • 1Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208 United States.

Journal of the American Chemical Society
|April 28, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers created novel covalent organic frameworks (COFs) using mixtures of monomers. This breakthrough allows continuous tuning of COF properties like pore size by adjusting monomer ratios in solid solutions.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Polymer Chemistry
  • Nanotechnology

Background:

  • Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) typically use limited monomers for high-symmetry structures.
  • Synthesizing COFs with multiple monomers often leads to statistical distribution or lower symmetry.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To demonstrate the formation of single-phase 2D COF solid solutions from mixtures of monomers with varying lengths.
  • To explore a new strategy for designing complex COFs with tunable properties.

Main Methods:

  • Polymerization of monomer mixtures with variable feed ratios.
  • Characterization using X-ray diffraction, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, and Pawley refinement.

Main Results:

  • Formation of single-phase hexagonal 2D COF solid solutions with continuously variable lattice parameters.
  • Random distribution of monomers within the same lattice, confirmed by diffraction and spectroscopy.
  • Evidence of bond-bending accommodating monomers of different lengths, indicated by nonlinear lattice parameter changes.

Conclusions:

  • Solid solution formation offers a new pathway to engineer 2D COFs with enhanced complexity.
  • Tunable monomer composition allows for continuous control over COF properties, such as average pore size.
  • Direct polymerization of mixtures is effective, while post-synthetic linker exchange is not suitable for solid solution formation.