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IMI Pathologic Myopia.

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Pathologic myopia, a severe form of visual impairment, differs from high myopia by specific fundus complications. Advances in ocular imaging and new therapies offer improved diagnosis and treatment for this condition.

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Area of Science:

  • Ophthalmology
  • Medical Imaging
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Pathologic myopia is a leading cause of global visual impairment.
  • It is distinct from high myopia, characterized by specific fundus complications like posterior staphyloma or myopic maculopathy.
  • These complications can occur even without high myopia.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To differentiate pathologic myopia from high myopia.
  • To highlight advancements in diagnosing pathologic myopia using ocular imaging.
  • To discuss emerging therapies for its complications.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing advanced ocular imaging techniques, including optical coherence tomography (OCT) and wide-field OCT.
  • Reviewing current therapeutic strategies for myopic macular neovascularization and myopic traction maculopathy.
  • Analyzing the relationship between increasing myopia prevalence and potential increases in pathologic myopia.

Main Results:

  • Optical coherence tomography has identified novel lesions such as dome-shaped macula and myopic traction maculopathy.
  • Wide-field OCT enables visualization of extensive staphylomas.
  • New therapies, including anti-VEGF treatments and vitreoretinal surgery, show effectiveness for specific complications.

Conclusions:

  • Pathologic myopia requires distinct diagnostic criteria beyond refractive error.
  • Ocular imaging has significantly improved the detection and understanding of pathologic myopia.
  • While myopia is increasing, the parallel rise and genetic basis of pathologic myopia remain areas for further research.