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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 7, 2025

Microinjection for Transgenesis and Genome Editing in Threespine Sticklebacks

Microinjection for Transgenesis and Genome Editing in Threespine Sticklebacks

Published on: May 13, 2016

Threespine Stickleback: A Model System For Evolutionary Genomics.

Kerry Reid¹, Michael A Bell², Krishna R Veeramah¹

¹Department of Ecology and Evolution, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, USA;

Annual Review of Genomics and Human Genetics

|April 28, 2021

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

The threespine stickleback is a model organism for studying parallel evolution due to its freshwater adaptations and diverse ecotypes. Its genomic resources enable research into the genetic basis of complex traits.

Keywords:

Gasterosteus aculeatus behavior genetic architecture host–microbiome interactions parasites rapid parallel adaptation standing genetic variation vertebrate evolution

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Area of Science:

Evolutionary biology
Genomics
Ecology

Background:

The oceanic threespine stickleback repeatedly adapts to freshwater environments, creating distinct ecotypes.
These ecotypes exhibit diverse phenotypic traits and are amenable to laboratory crosses and genetic analyses.

Purpose of the Study:

To highlight the threespine stickleback as a premier model organism for studying parallel evolution and adaptation.
To review recent advancements in understanding the genomic basis of complex traits using this model system.

Main Methods:

Utilizing existing genomic resources such as linkage maps and a reference genome.
Employing quantitative trait locus (QTL) analyses.
Investigating host-microbiome and host-parasite interactions.

Main Results:

Threespine sticklebacks facilitate insights into the genomic basis of adaptation in vertebrates.
Genomic studies have identified genetic changes controlling diverse traits, including behavior.
The model system is effective for complex trait research.

Conclusions:

The threespine stickleback is a versatile and powerful "supermodel" for evolutionary genomics research.
Its adaptability and genomic resources offer unique opportunities to explore evolutionary processes.
Future research can leverage this model for complex trait and interaction studies.