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Related Concept Videos

From DNA to Protein03:06

From DNA to Protein

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The flow of genetic information in cells from DNA to mRNA to protein is described by the central dogma, which states that genes specify the sequence of mRNAs, which in turn specify the sequence of amino acids making up all proteins. The decoding of one molecule to another is performed by specific proteins and RNAs. Because the information stored in DNA is so central to cellular function, it makes intuitive sense that the cell would make mRNA copies of this information for protein synthesis...
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Lesson: Translation
Translation is the process of synthesizing proteins from the genetic information carried by messenger RNA (mRNA). Following transcription, it constitutes the final step in the expression of genes. This process is carried out by ribosomes, complexes of protein and specialized RNA molecules. Ribosomes, transfer RNA (tRNA), and other proteins produce a chain of amino acids—the polypeptide—as the end product of translation.
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Translation is the process of synthesizing proteins from the genetic information carried by messenger RNA (mRNA). Following transcription, it constitutes the final step in the expression of genes. This process is carried out by ribosomes, complexes of protein and specialized RNA molecules. Ribosomes, transfer RNA (tRNA), and other proteins produce a chain of amino acids—the polypeptide—as the end product of translation.
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Translation in Prokaryotes01:29

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Prokaryote translation is a complex, highly coordinated process that converts genetic information from mRNA into functional proteins. It involves three stages: initiation, elongation, and termination, each facilitated by specific molecular components.Initiation of TranslationThe process begins with the assembly of the ribosomal subunits and initiation factors on the mRNA. In bacteria, the 30S ribosomal subunit recognizes the Shine-Dalgarno sequence in the mRNA, a conserved region upstream of...
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Initiation of Translation02:33

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Initiating translation is complex because it involves multiple molecules. Initiator tRNA, ribosomal subunits, and eukaryotic initiation factors (eIFs) are all required to assemble on the initiation codon of mRNA. This process consists of several steps that are mediated by different eIFs.
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Use of Alu Element Containing Minigenes to Analyze Circular RNAs
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A role for circular code properties in translation.

Simone Giannerini1, Diego Luis Gonzalez2,3, Greta Goracci2

  • 1Department of Statistical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, 40126, Italy. simone.giannerini@unibo.it.

Scientific Reports
|April 29, 2021
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Circular codes in protein sequences help detect frame-shift errors and are linked to translation speed and protein synthesis. These marks appear after the start codon, offering new bioinformatics tools.

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Area of Science:

  • Genomics
  • Molecular Biology
  • Bioinformatics

Background:

  • Circular codes offer a framework for understanding coding sequences and error correction.
  • Recent theoretical advances provide new insights into the structure and function of genetic codes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the presence and characteristics of in-frame circular code marks in protein-coding sequences.
  • To explore the relationship between circular code marks, translation speed, and protein synthesis levels.
  • To understand the role of circular codes in the decoding process and their potential applications.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of protein-coding sequences and introns for circular code marks.
  • Correlation studies between circular code properties, translation speed, and protein synthesis.
  • Investigation of circular code mark distribution relative to the initiator codon.

Main Results:

  • Protein-coding sequences exhibit in-frame circular code marks absent in introns, linked to codon base transformations.
  • These marks correlate with translation speed, codon influence, and protein synthesis levels.
  • Circular code marks appear approximately 40 codons after the initiator codon, suggesting a role in translation elongation.

Conclusions:

  • Circular code marks are a significant feature of protein-coding sequences, distinct from introns.
  • These findings suggest new universal tools for sequence indicators and optimization in bioinformatics and biotechnology.
  • The study sheds light on the molecular mechanisms of genetic code decoding and translation.