Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Symmetry01:26

Symmetry

40
The equation of an ellipse centered at the origin defines all points whose distances from the center maintain a constant ratio between the horizontal and vertical axes. This equation results in a smooth, closed curve that extends further along the x-axis than the y-axis, giving it a horizontal orientation. Such an ellipse demonstrates three kinds of symmetry: across the x-axis, across the y-axis, and about the origin. These symmetries are essential in understanding the graph's structure and...
40
Gauss's Law: Planar Symmetry01:27

Gauss's Law: Planar Symmetry

8.9K
A planar symmetry of charge density is obtained when charges are uniformly spread over a large flat surface. In planar symmetry, all points in a plane parallel to the plane of charge are identical with respect to the charges. Suppose the plane of the charge distribution is the xy-plane, and the electric field at a space point P with coordinates (x, y, z) is to be determined. Since the charge density is the same at all (x, y) - coordinates in the z = 0 plane, by symmetry, the electric field at P...
8.9K
Symmetry in Maxwell's Equations01:28

Symmetry in Maxwell's Equations

3.9K
Once the fields have been calculated using Maxwell's four equations, the Lorentz force equation gives the force that the fields exert on a charged particle moving with a certain velocity. The Lorentz force equation combines the force of the electric field and of the magnetic field on the moving charge. Maxwell's equations and the Lorentz force law together encompass all the laws of electricity and magnetism. The symmetry that Maxwell introduced into his mathematical framework may not be...
3.9K
Gauss's Law: Cylindrical Symmetry01:20

Gauss's Law: Cylindrical Symmetry

8.7K
A charge distribution has cylindrical symmetry if the charge density depends only upon the distance from the axis of the cylinder and does not vary along the axis or with the direction about the axis. In other words, if a system varies if it is rotated around the axis or shifted along the axis, it does not have cylindrical symmetry. In real systems, we do not have infinite cylinders; however, if the cylindrical object is considerably longer than the radius from it that we are interested in,...
8.7K
Determining the Plane of Cell Division02:13

Determining the Plane of Cell Division

3.5K
Positioning the cell division plane is a critical step during development and cell differentiation, particularly during mitosis when the plane is essential for determining the size of the two daughter cells. The cell division plane is perpendicular to the plane of chromosome segregation, but different types of organisms have different cell division mechanisms to suit their morphology and function. 
Animal cells
In animal cells, the cleavage furrow forms along the plane of cell division...
3.5K
Properties of Fourier series II01:21

Properties of Fourier series II

348
Time scaling of signals is a crucial concept in signal processing that affects the Fourier series representation without altering its coefficients. The process modifies the fundamental frequency, thereby changing how the series represents the signal over time. This principle is essential in various applications, including audio and image processing, where signal manipulation is frequent. Understanding function symmetries is fundamental to simplifying the Fourier series.
A function f(t) is...
348

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Leaf geometry - understanding plant movement in 3D.

Plant & cell physiology·2026
Same author

Pre-mRNA splicing regulates cellular dedifferentiation via lipid metabolism in a cytokinin-dependent manner in Arabidopsis.

Plant physiology·2026
Same author

A cytokinin response maximum induces and activates bifacial stem cells for radial growth.

Nature plants·2025
Same author

Plant chromosome polytenization contributes to suppression of root growth in high polyploids.

Journal of experimental botany·2024
Same author

Arabidopsis ASYMMETRIC LEAVES2 and Nucleolar Factors Are Coordinately Involved in the Perinucleolar Patterning of AS2 Bodies and Leaf Development.

Plants (Basel, Switzerland)·2023
Same author

In-Depth Quantification of Cell Division and Elongation Dynamics at the Tip of Growing Arabidopsis Roots Using 4D Microscopy, AI-Assisted Image Processing and Data Sonification.

Plant & cell physiology·2023

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 7, 2025

Imaging and Analysis of Tissue Orientation and Growth Dynamics in the Developing Drosophila Epithelia During Pupal Stages
08:25

Imaging and Analysis of Tissue Orientation and Growth Dynamics in the Developing Drosophila Epithelia During Pupal Stages

Published on: June 2, 2020

9.7K

Symmetry and its transition in phyllotaxis.

Takaaki Yonekura1, Munetaka Sugiyama2

  • 1Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5, Takayama-cho, Ikoma-shi, Nara, 630-0192, Japan. yonekura.takaaki@bs.naist.jp.

Journal of Plant Research
|April 29, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Symmetry in plant leaf arrangements (phyllotaxis) can be classified using group theory. Mathematical models reveal how phyllotaxis patterns can abruptly change symmetry, illustrating symmetry-breaking processes.

Keywords:
Group theoryMathematical modelPhyllotaxisSymmetry

More Related Videos

A Strategy to Validate the Role of Callose-mediated Plasmodesmal Gating in the Tropic Response
12:18

A Strategy to Validate the Role of Callose-mediated Plasmodesmal Gating in the Tropic Response

Published on: April 17, 2016

10.5K
A Micropatterning Assay for Measuring Cell Chirality
08:07

A Micropatterning Assay for Measuring Cell Chirality

Published on: March 11, 2022

2.5K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Nov 7, 2025

Imaging and Analysis of Tissue Orientation and Growth Dynamics in the Developing Drosophila Epithelia During Pupal Stages
08:25

Imaging and Analysis of Tissue Orientation and Growth Dynamics in the Developing Drosophila Epithelia During Pupal Stages

Published on: June 2, 2020

9.7K
A Strategy to Validate the Role of Callose-mediated Plasmodesmal Gating in the Tropic Response
12:18

A Strategy to Validate the Role of Callose-mediated Plasmodesmal Gating in the Tropic Response

Published on: April 17, 2016

10.5K
A Micropatterning Assay for Measuring Cell Chirality
08:07

A Micropatterning Assay for Measuring Cell Chirality

Published on: March 11, 2022

2.5K

Area of Science:

  • Botany
  • Mathematical Biology
  • Group Theory

Background:

  • Symmetry is fundamental to geometric beauty in nature and culture.
  • Phyllotaxis, the arrangement of leaves around a plant stem, exhibits diverse symmetries.
  • These symmetries include reflection, rotation, translation, corkscrew, and glide reflection.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To classify phyllotactic symmetries using group theory.
  • To enumerate all phyllotaxis types and their associated symmetry groups.
  • To investigate transitions between different phyllotaxis symmetry classes using mathematical models.

Main Methods:

  • Classification of phyllotactic symmetries via group theory.
  • Enumeration of major and minor phyllotaxis types with their symmetry groups.
  • Analysis of mathematical models for phyllotactic pattern formation and transitions.

Main Results:

  • A comprehensive classification of phyllotactic symmetries based on group theory.
  • Identification of various phyllotaxis types, including spiral, decussate, orixate, and semi-decussate.
  • Demonstration of abrupt symmetry class transitions in phyllotaxis patterns by altering mathematical model parameters.

Conclusions:

  • Group theory provides a robust framework for understanding phyllotactic diversity.
  • Symmetry-breaking transitions in phyllotaxis can occur suddenly and are not limited by group-subgroup relationships.
  • Symmetry analysis enhances comprehension of phyllotaxis variations and their dynamic transformations.